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The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals.

Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U.S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations.

This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.

Two of many arrival sites are Sullivan's Island and James Island, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies.

","flat_pages",[],"id",48,"is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","hybrid","media",[231,232],"meta_description","The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals. Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U. S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations. This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.Two of many arrival sites are Sullivan's Island and James Island, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies. ","mode",{"_34":173,"_71":224},"modes",[219,220,221,222],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-08-22","read_duration"," reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","splash",{"_71":103,"_115":217,"_117":218},"slug","slugs",[214,215,216,16],"stop_count","stops",[83],"tenant_title","Middle Passage Markers","title","South Carolina: Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Sullivan's Island and James Island","travel_duration"," walking","theme",{"_34":81,"_71":82},"type","voice_overs",[],"use_directions",11,"emory",{"_84":-5,"_85":24,"_86":-5,"_87":88,"_89":90,"_91":-5,"_30":92,"_93":-5,"_94":-5,"_95":96,"_34":97,"_98":99,"_100":101,"_40":-5,"_44":102,"_46":103,"_104":26,"_105":-5,"_106":-5,"_53":37,"_60":107,"_63":18,"_64":108,"_61":109,"_71":110,"_77":111,"_112":-5,"_113":-5,"_78":114},"next","position","previous","relation_id",49,"address","1102 Poe Ave, Sullivan's Island, SC 29482, USA","article_link","Charleston was one of the largest trading ports in British North America. About 40 percent of Africans forcibly taken to North America entered through its harbor. As a major international port, Charleston was vulnerable to infectious diseases arriving on ships, including smallpox, measles, and yellow fever. In response, South Carolina developed quarantine regulations requiring vessels at risk of spreading diseases to isolate at designated quarantine grounds before entering the city. Much of this process centered on Sullivan's Island at the northeastern entrance to Charleston Harbor and, later, on James Island across the harbor.

South Carolina’s first quarantine provision, enacted in 1698, amended a previous law on the colony’s defense and required harbor pilots to determine whether incoming vessels carried contagious sickness. Ships suspected of carrying disease could be detained at the designated quarantine ground, while vessels found to pose no health threat could proceed to Charleston’s wharves along East Bay Street. For most of the colonial period, the quarantine ground was located at Rebellion Road, near the middle of the harbor and about a mile west of Sullivan’s Island.

As South Carolina’s plantation economy expanded through the profitability of rice cultivation, the importation of Africans increased. Between 1720 and 1740, nearly 30,000 African children, women, and men arrived in Charleston’s harbor to supply the growing demand for labor. At the same time, Charleston experienced recurring outbreaks of diseases such as yellow fever and smallpox. Officials increasingly viewed vessels arriving from Africa, particularly those carrying large numbers of captives, as potential sources of contagious disease.

In 1744, South Carolina strengthened its quarantine regulations by passing \"An Act for the Further Preventing the Spreading of Contagious or Malignant Distempers in this Province.\" The law required vessels arriving with captive Africans to land their human cargo on Sullivan’s Island for ten days before proceeding to Charleston for sale. A harbor pilot directed incoming vessels to the quarantine grounds, where those aboard could be inspected for signs of illness. The landing requirement, however, did not remain continuously in effect between 1744 and 1784, when a new quarantine law eliminated it. It also applied only during periods when the importation of enslaved Africans was legally permitted.

More broadly, slaving vessels generally followed the same quarantine procedures as other commercial ships. If an inspection found no reason to suspect contagious disease, a vessel could proceed to Charleston. If disease was suspected, the vessel and those aboard could be detained at the quarantine ground for days or weeks. Clearly sick individuals could be removed to a pest house or lazaretto when an appropriate facility was available. Even when the law required African cargoes to land on Sullivan’s Island, it did not necessarily mean that each individual was confined in a pest house or lazaretto.

Sullivan’s Island nevertheless became an important quarantine site for newly arrived Africans and others. A small lazaretto was constructed there in 1707, and a new pest house was built in 1744–45 in connection with the strengthened quarantine regulations. That building was destroyed by the hurricane of 1752 and was not replaced until 1755. As a result, even during the years when the law required imported Africans to land on Sullivan’s Island, dedicated facilities for isolating the sick were available only intermittently. The buildings served primarily to isolate people who were sick or considered at risk of spreading disease.

When enslavers brought children, women, and men from Africa to Sullivan’s Island during periods of mandatory landing, the process also reflected the commercial priorities of the trans-Atlantic human trade. Physicians examined and treated these individuals, while enslaved laborers supplied clothing, food, and water. For example, when the vessel Hare arrived at Sullivan’s Island from Sierra Leone on March 4, 1755, a trader purchased peas, greens, and 251 pounds of beef to provision those held aboard. The first advertisement offering the captives for sale appeared within two days of their arrival. After the quarantine period, a physician conducted a final inspection before the vessel proceeded through Fort Johnson toward Charleston; captives who remained ill could be subjected to further quarantine.

These quarantine measures changed during the American Revolution, when South Carolina enacted a law prohibiting the importation of enslaved people in December 1774. During the war, South Carolina troops burned the third lazaretto on Sullivan’s Island to prevent its occupation by the British Navy. After the Revolution, the trans-Atlantic human trade resumed, and a new lazaretto was constructed on the island. However, a 1784 law no longer required all vessels carrying Africans to undergo quarantine at Sullivan’s Island. A few years later, in 1787, South Carolina again prohibited the importation of Africans. As Sullivan’s Island became increasingly occupied by Charlestonians seeking to use it as a summer retreat, residents petitioned for removal of the lazaretto. The state agreed, and the fourth pest house closed in early 1796.

In 1797, a new lazaretto on James Island, near Fort Johnson, became a quarantine site for Charleston and remained in use into the nineteenth century. When the trans-Atlantic human trade reopened in South Carolina in 1804, ships carrying enslaved Africans again entered Charleston Harbor. More than 45,000 children, women, and men arrived from Africa in Charleston between 1804 and 1808, when the federal ban on the importation of enslaved people took effect.

Because of the inconsistencies in quarantine facilities, the legality of the human trafficking, and quarantine regulations, the exact number of enslaved Africans who experienced quarantine is unknown. Some scholars estimate that 5 to 20 percent of those brought through Charleston were quarantined on the islands, while others suggest the number may have been significantly higher. Together, Charleston’s quarantine sites illustrate how the city’s efforts to control disease were deeply intertwined with the systems of commerce and enslavement that shaped its growth.

For inscription text and images of the Sullivan's Island Middle Passage marker, see the Historical Marker Database.

For primary and secondary sources on Sullivan's Island and James Island, as well as the broader history of the trans-Atlantic human trade, see the accompanying annotated bibliography.

Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Sullivan's Island and James Island. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive Google Map. After visiting Sullivan's Island and James Island, you may consider taking the Open Tour of Charleston.

","direction_intro","direction_notes","icon_color","#06ebef",41,"lat",32.75906661290896,"lng",-79.85652460015258,[124,125,126,127,128,129],"","orphaned","parking_lat","parking_lng","Charleston was one of the largest trading ports in British North America. About 40 percent of Africans forcibly taken to North America entered through its harbor. As a major international port, Charleston was vulnerable to infectious diseases arriving on ships, including smallpox, measles, and yellow fever. In response, South Carolina developed quarantine regulations requiring vessels at risk of spreading diseases to isolate at designated quarantine grounds before entering the city. Much of this process centered on Sullivan's Island at the northeastern entrance to Charleston Harbor and, later, on James Island across the harbor. South Carolina’s first quarantine provision, enacted in 1698, amended a previous law on the colony’s defense and required harbor pilots to determine whether incoming vessels carried contagious sickness. Ships suspected of carrying disease could be detained at the designated quarantine ground, while vessels found to pose no health threat could proceed to Charleston’s wharves along East Bay Street. For most of the colonial period, the quarantine ground was located at Rebellion Road, near the middle of the harbor and about a mile west of Sullivan’s Island. As South Carolina’s plantation economy expanded through the profitability of rice cultivation, the importation of Africans increased. Between 1720 and 1740, nearly 30,000 African children, women, and men arrived in Charleston’s harbor to supply the growing demand for labor. At the same time, Charleston experienced recurring outbreaks of diseases such as yellow fever and smallpox. Officials increasingly viewed vessels arriving from Africa, particularly those carrying large numbers of captives, as potential sources of contagious disease. In 1744, South Carolina strengthened its quarantine regulations by passing \"An Act for the Further Preventing the Spreading of Contagious or Malignant Distempers in this Province.\" The law required vessels arriving with captive Africans to land their human cargo on Sullivan’s Island for ten days before proceeding to Charleston for sale. A harbor pilot directed incoming vessels to the quarantine grounds, where those aboard could be inspected for signs of illness. The landing requirement, however, did not remain continuously in effect between 1744 and 1784, when a new quarantine law eliminated it. It also applied only during periods when the importation of enslaved Africans was legally permitted. More broadly, slaving vessels generally followed the same quarantine procedures as other commercial ships. If an inspection found no reason to suspect contagious disease, a vessel could proceed to Charleston. If disease was suspected, the vessel and those aboard could be detained at the quarantine ground for days or weeks. Clearly sick individuals could be removed to a pest house or lazaretto when an appropriate facility was available. Even when the law required African cargoes to land on Sullivan’s Island, it did not necessarily mean that each individual was confined in a pest house or lazaretto. Sullivan’s Island nevertheless became an important quarantine site for newly arrived Africans and others. A small lazaretto was constructed there in 1707, and a new pest house was built in 1744–45 in connection with the strengthened quarantine regulations. That building was destroyed by the hurricane of 1752 and was not replaced until 1755. As a result, even during the years when the law required imported Africans to land on Sullivan’s Island, dedicated facilities for isolating the sick were available only intermittently. The buildings served primarily to isolate people who were sick or considered at risk of spreading disease. When enslavers brought children, women, and men from Africa to Sullivan’s Island during periods of mandatory landing, the process also reflected the commercial priorities of the trans-Atlantic human trade. Physicians examined and treated these individuals, while enslaved laborers supplied clothing, food, and water. For example, when the vessel Hare arrived at Sullivan’s Island from Sierra Leone on March 4, 1755, a trader purchased peas, greens, and 251 pounds of beef to provision those held aboard. The first advertisement offering the captives for sale appeared within two days of their arrival. After the quarantine period, a physician conducted a final inspection before the vessel proceeded through Fort Johnson toward Charleston; captives who remained ill could be subjected to further quarantine. These quarantine measures changed during the American Revolution, when South Carolina enacted a law prohibiting the importation of enslaved people in December 1774. During the war, South Carolina troops burned the third lazaretto on Sullivan’s Island to prevent its occupation by the British Navy. After the Revolution, the trans-Atlantic human trade resumed, and a new lazaretto was constructed on the island. However, a 1784 law no longer required all vessels carrying Africans to undergo quarantine at Sullivan’s Island. A few years later, in 1787, South Carolina again prohibited the importation of Africans. As Sullivan’s Island became increasingly occupied by Charlestonians seeking to use it as a summer retreat, residents petitioned for removal of the lazaretto. The state agreed, and the fourth pest house closed in early 1796. In 1797, a new lazaretto on James Island, near Fort Johnson, became a quarantine site for Charleston and remained in use into the nineteenth century. When the trans-Atlantic human trade reopened in South Carolina in 1804, ships carrying enslaved Africans again entered Charleston Harbor. More than 45,000 children, women, and men arrived from Africa in Charleston between 1804 and 1808, when the federal ban on the importation of enslaved people took effect. Because of the inconsistencies in quarantine facilities, the legality of the human trafficking, and quarantine regulations, the exact number of enslaved Africans who experienced quarantine is unknown. Some scholars estimate that 5 to 20 percent of those brought through Charleston were quarantined on the islands, while others suggest the number may have been significantly higher. Together, Charleston’s quarantine sites illustrate how the city’s efforts to control disease were deeply intertwined with the systems of commerce and enslavement that shaped its growth. For inscription text and images of the Sullivan's Island Middle Passage marker, see the Historical Marker Database. For primary and secondary sources on Sullivan's Island and James Island, as well as the broader history of the trans-Atlantic human trade, see the accompanying annotated bibliography. Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Sullivan's Island and James Island. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive Google Map. After visiting Sullivan's Island and James Island, you may consider taking the Open Tour of Charleston.",[119,120,121,122,123,18],{"_71":103,"_115":116,"_117":118},"Sullivan's Island and James Island, Arrival Locations Near Charleston","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"caption","Detail from a “Map of South Carolina (southwest portion),” 1822. Map by Jenry S. Tanner and John Wilson (Philadelphia). Courtesy of the David Rumsey Map Collection, https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~38008~1211028:james-island?annotIds=328751319%2C328751317#. Annotations added by the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project, 2026.","url","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F1fn0m3706jabpukap9fxjq2vhquj?variant=desktop","new-stop-1718549819381","sullivan-s-island-where-captive-africans-disembarked","sullivan-s-island-an-arrival-location-near-charleston","sullivan-s-island-and-james-island-an-arrival-location-near-charleston","sullivan-s-island-and-james-island-arrival-location-near-charleston",{"_87":206,"_85":24,"_115":116,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":207,"_139":208,"_34":209,"_142":143,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_71":103,"_150":-5},{"_87":194,"_85":195,"_115":196,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":197,"_139":198,"_34":199,"_142":162,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_71":200,"_150":-5},{"_87":183,"_85":184,"_115":185,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":186,"_139":187,"_34":188,"_142":143,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_71":103,"_150":-5},{"_87":172,"_85":173,"_115":174,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":175,"_139":176,"_34":177,"_142":143,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_71":175,"_150":-5},{"_87":161,"_85":162,"_115":163,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":164,"_139":165,"_34":166,"_142":143,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_71":103,"_150":-5},{"_87":130,"_85":131,"_115":132,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":138,"_139":140,"_34":141,"_142":143,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_71":103,"_150":-5},378,6,"South Carolina, Gazette, Aug. 9, 1773, 3. 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Courtesy of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, https://www.loc.gov/item/gm71000984. ","SC_Charleston_1780_View_Harbor.jpg",{"_151":201,"_153":202,"_155":203,"_157":204,"_159":205},208,"View of Charleston Harbor, 1780","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/da3bm26j3m9h4fzb2eu6eeawkcm3","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/da3bm26j3m9h4fzb2eu6eeawkcm3?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/da3bm26j3m9h4fzb2eu6eeawkcm3?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/da3bm26j3m9h4fzb2eu6eeawkcm3?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/da3bm26j3m9h4fzb2eu6eeawkcm3?variant=lqip",375,"SC_Charleston_1822_Map_Charleston_Islands_Annotations.jpg",{"_151":210,"_153":211,"_155":212,"_157":118,"_159":213},482,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F1fn0m3706jabpukap9fxjq2vhquj","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F1fn0m3706jabpukap9fxjq2vhquj?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F1fn0m3706jabpukap9fxjq2vhquj?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F1fn0m3706jabpukap9fxjq2vhquj?variant=lqip","new-tour-1716645966824","south-carolina-morris","south-carolina-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-sullivan-s-island","Detail from “Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, & Georgia, Operations of the Southern Armies,” 1807. Map by John Marshall (Philadelphia: C.P. Wayne). Courtesy of the David Rumsey Historical Map Collection, https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~36134~1200522:sullivans?annotId=316000430# Annotations added by the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project.\n\n","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F8bpqganyb8nu6y6g8z9ngei49do8?variant=desktop",{"_87":229,"_34":24,"_71":230},{"_87":227,"_34":195,"_71":228},{"_87":225,"_34":184,"_71":226},{"_87":223,"_34":173,"_71":224},192,"WALKING",191,"TRANSIT",190,"DRIVING",189,"BICYCLING",{"_87":244,"_85":195,"_115":217,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":245,"_139":246,"_34":247,"_142":143,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_71":103,"_150":-5},{"_87":233,"_85":184,"_115":234,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":235,"_139":236,"_34":237,"_142":162,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_71":238,"_150":-5},115,"Map by David Eltis and David Richardson. Courtesy of SlaveVoyages, https://www.slavevoyages.org/blog/volume-and-direction-trans-atlantic-slave-trade.\n“This map summarizes and combines the many different paths by which captives left Africa and reached the Americas. While there were strong connections between particular embarkation and disembarkation regions, it was also the case that captives from any of the major regions of Africa could disembark in almost any of the major regions of the Americas. Even captives leaving Southeast Africa, the region most remote from the Americas, could disembark in mainland North America, as well as the Caribbean and South America. The data in this map are based on estimates of the total slave trade rather than documented departures and arrivals.”","FL-STAUG-SlaveVoyages-human-trade-map.jpg",{"_151":239,"_153":240,"_155":241,"_157":242,"_159":243},67,"Volume and direction of the trans-Atlantic human trade from Africa to the 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