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The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other sources of scholarly research, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals.

\n\n\n\n

Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites in the mainland U.S. and its territories and can provide directions to other locations.

This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.

Two of many arrival sites are Bermuda Hundred and Osborne's Landing, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. As part of a larger collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours, this tour commemorates their lives by providing a digital marker to complement the physical marker and ancestral remembrance ceremonies.

","flat_pages",[],"id",58,"is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","hybrid","media",[220,221],"meta_description","The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other sources of scholarly research, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals. \n\n\n\nAfricans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites in the mainland U. S. and its territories and can provide directions to other locations. This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.Two of many arrival sites are Bermuda Hundred and Osborne's Landing, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. As part of a larger collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours, this tour commemorates their lives by providing a digital marker to complement the physical marker and ancestral remembrance ceremonies. ","mode",{"_34":129,"_71":213},"modes",[208,209,210,211],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-08-21","read_duration"," reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","splash",{"_71":103,"_115":116,"_117":207},"slug","slugs",[198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,16],"stop_count","stops",[83],"tenant_title","Middle Passage Markers","title","Virginia: Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Bermuda Hundred and Osborne's Landing","travel_duration"," walking","theme",{"_34":81,"_71":82},"type","voice_overs",[],"use_directions",11,"emory",{"_84":-5,"_85":24,"_86":-5,"_87":88,"_89":90,"_91":-5,"_30":92,"_93":-5,"_94":-5,"_95":96,"_34":97,"_98":99,"_100":101,"_40":-5,"_44":102,"_46":103,"_104":26,"_105":-5,"_106":-5,"_53":37,"_60":107,"_63":18,"_64":108,"_61":109,"_71":110,"_77":111,"_112":-5,"_113":-5,"_78":114},"next","position","previous","relation_id",50,"address","2730 E Hundred Rd, Chester, VA 23836, USA","article_link","\nIn colonial Virginia, the town of Bermuda Hundred and a wharf known as Osborne’s Landing were key access points for commercial activity in the Upper James River District. Bermuda Hundred sat at the nexus of the Appomattox and James Rivers, while Osborne’s Landing was closer to Richmond, the city that would later become Virginia’s state capital. Both the town and the wharf played critical roles in the economic development of this emerging urban center. Between the 1740s and 1770s, as the colony expanded westward, these sites became important arrival locations for tens of thousands of captive Africans in Virginia.

The land that became Bermuda Hundred in southeast Virginia was a center of indigenous settlement and trade for the Algonquin-speaking Appamattuck people. In 1609, two years after the first documented interaction between English settlers and members of the Powhatan Confederation, a fleet of ships left London carrying goods and supplies to “save” the struggling colonists at Jamestown. Those aboard one of the vessels, the Sea Venture, encountered treacherous sailing conditions in the north Atlantic and were driven onto on a group of islands later known as Bermuda, roughly 700 miles off the Virginia coast. The English castaways eventually landed in Jamestown the following year and built settlements along the James River. When deputy governor Thomas Dale—a Sea Venture passenger—needed a name for Virginia’s newest town in 1613, he chose “Bermuda Hundred” as an homage to the colonists who survived the shipwreck in Bermuda.

To planters in the early 1600s, Bermuda Hundred was known as “Neck of Land” or “Nether Hundred.” A “hundred” originally referred to the practice of organizing ten groups of ten households into one, pre-planned administrative district in medieval England. Bermuda Hundred became one of the earliest incorporated towns in colonial Virginia. It was home to John Rolfe, a Sea Venture passenger and innovator of the tobacco cultivation process, who married Pocahontas in 1614, the final year of the First Anglo-Powhatan War.

Though roughly a third of Virginia’s population resided in Bermuda Hundred during the 1610s, Powhatan-English relations shifted from cordial to violent by the end of the decade. The “Massacre of 1622” and subsequent outbreak of the ten-year Second Anglo-Powhatan War nearly decimated the town. By 1625 Bermuda Hundred had dwindled to just 41 residents. The settlement would not recover until the end of the century, when the Virginia Assembly designated it one of the colony’s primary “port-towns.”

A few years after landing near Jamestown in 1610, Thomas Dale set aside about 100 acres in present-day Henrico County to establish the short-lived town of “Gatesville.” Parts of this land became the site of Captain Thomas Osborne’s family plantation, “Coxendale,” as well as the now-defunct town of “Osbornes.” Situated on a nearby river bend, close to where Proctors Creek empties into the James River, was the shipping station known as Osborne’s Landing.

Osborne’s Landing did not become a trade and mercantile center until the mid-1700s. The tobacco warehouses built in 1748 figured prominently in its development into “a shipping terminus” for the growing number of Virginia communities west of the tidewater region. It was the furthest location inland accessible for large vessels, functioning as an important transfer point for transporting goods and cargo to the expanding hinterland, especially the emerging city of Richmond. As a commercial wharf, Osborne’s Landing joined Bermuda Hundred as one of the colony’s principal sites for selling African captives.

During the second half of the 1700s, Virginia began to grow beyond its coastal strongholds. Decades of tobacco cultivation had depleted much of the soil in the York River basin. The colony’s tobacco and human trade industries consequently shifted to the Upper James River District, the area above Williamsburg but below the York River. In the three decades leading up to the American Revolution, the number of captive Africans carried to the Upper James and sold into enslavement accelerated. The vast majority of these sales took place at either Bermuda Hundred or Osborne’s Landing.

Between 1718 and 1772, approximately 71 vessels carried nearly 15,700 captives who disembarked at Bermuda Hundred, Osborne’s Landing, or a nearby point in the Upper James River District. None of the colony’s other five naval districts transported even half as many captives from Africa during this period. Most were sold at the district’s customs house in Bermuda Hundred or at Osborne’s Landing, which had several storage warehouses. As strategic redistribution hubs and deep-water shipping depots, both locales allowed larger vessels to unload their cargo onto smaller vessels, moving goods and people up the James River further into Virginia’s interior settlements.

The trans-Atlantic importation of Africans declined during the last quarter of the 1700s. Demand for enslaved labor had not decreased; rather, the system shifted from international to domestic human trade. Colonies in the Caribbean like Barbados continued to depend heavily on more physically demanding and life-threatening sugar production, which required quicker and continual replenishing of the enslaved labor force. But in tobacco-dominated Virginia, working conditions generally allowed for Africans to live longer and have children, enabling the natural growth of the enslaved population.

Before American independence, Bermuda Hundred and Osborne’s Landing were important centers for the forced migration of Africans to and within the British colonies of North America.

For inscription text and images of Bermuda Hundred's Middle Passage marker, see The Historical Marker Database.

For primary and secondary sources on Mobile and the broader history of the trans-Atlantic human trade, see the accompanying annotated bibliography.

Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Bermuda Hundred and Osborne's Landing. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour Collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions can be obtained through an interactive Google map. After visiting Bermuda Hundred and Osborne's Landing, you may consider taking the Open Tour of Richmond.

","direction_intro","direction_notes","icon_color","#06ebef",42,"lat",37.3197,"lng",-77.30685,[123,124,125,126,127],"","orphaned","parking_lat","parking_lng","\nIn colonial Virginia, the town of Bermuda Hundred and a wharf known as Osborne’s Landing were key access points for commercial activity in the Upper James River District. Bermuda Hundred sat at the nexus of the Appomattox and James Rivers, while Osborne’s Landing was closer to Richmond, the city that would later become Virginia’s state capital. Both the town and the wharf played critical roles in the economic development of this emerging urban center. Between the 1740s and 1770s, as the colony expanded westward, these sites became important arrival locations for tens of thousands of captive Africans in Virginia. The land that became Bermuda Hundred in southeast Virginia was a center of indigenous settlement and trade for the Algonquin-speaking Appamattuck people. In 1609, two years after the first documented interaction between English settlers and members of the Powhatan Confederation, a fleet of ships left London carrying goods and supplies to “save” the struggling colonists at Jamestown. Those aboard one of the vessels, the Sea Venture, encountered treacherous sailing conditions in the north Atlantic and were driven onto on a group of islands later known as Bermuda, roughly 700 miles off the Virginia coast. The English castaways eventually landed in Jamestown the following year and built settlements along the James River. When deputy governor Thomas Dale—a Sea Venture passenger—needed a name for Virginia’s newest town in 1613, he chose “Bermuda Hundred” as an homage to the colonists who survived the shipwreck in Bermuda. To planters in the early 1600s, Bermuda Hundred was known as “Neck of Land” or “Nether Hundred.” A “hundred” originally referred to the practice of organizing ten groups of ten households into one, pre-planned administrative district in medieval England. Bermuda Hundred became one of the earliest incorporated towns in colonial Virginia. It was home to John Rolfe, a Sea Venture passenger and innovator of the tobacco cultivation process, who married Pocahontas in 1614, the final year of the First Anglo-Powhatan War. Though roughly a third of Virginia’s population resided in Bermuda Hundred during the 1610s, Powhatan-English relations shifted from cordial to violent by the end of the decade. The “Massacre of 1622” and subsequent outbreak of the ten-year Second Anglo-Powhatan War nearly decimated the town. By 1625 Bermuda Hundred had dwindled to just 41 residents. The settlement would not recover until the end of the century, when the Virginia Assembly designated it one of the colony’s primary “port-towns.” A few years after landing near Jamestown in 1610, Thomas Dale set aside about 100 acres in present-day Henrico County to establish the short-lived town of “Gatesville.” Parts of this land became the site of Captain Thomas Osborne’s family plantation, “Coxendale,” as well as the now-defunct town of “Osbornes.” Situated on a nearby river bend, close to where Proctors Creek empties into the James River, was the shipping station known as Osborne’s Landing. Osborne’s Landing did not become a trade and mercantile center until the mid-1700s. The tobacco warehouses built in 1748 figured prominently in its development into “a shipping terminus” for the growing number of Virginia communities west of the tidewater region. It was the furthest location inland accessible for large vessels, functioning as an important transfer point for transporting goods and cargo to the expanding hinterland, especially the emerging city of Richmond. As a commercial wharf, Osborne’s Landing joined Bermuda Hundred as one of the colony’s principal sites for selling African captives. During the second half of the 1700s, Virginia began to grow beyond its coastal strongholds. Decades of tobacco cultivation had depleted much of the soil in the York River basin. The colony’s tobacco and human trade industries consequently shifted to the Upper James River District, the area above Williamsburg but below the York River. In the three decades leading up to the American Revolution, the number of captive Africans carried to the Upper James and sold into enslavement accelerated. The vast majority of these sales took place at either Bermuda Hundred or Osborne’s Landing. Between 1718 and 1772, approximately 71 vessels carried nearly 15,700 captives who disembarked at Bermuda Hundred, Osborne’s Landing, or a nearby point in the Upper James River District. None of the colony’s other five naval districts transported even half as many captives from Africa during this period. Most were sold at the district’s customs house in Bermuda Hundred or at Osborne’s Landing, which had several storage warehouses. As strategic redistribution hubs and deep-water shipping depots, both locales allowed larger vessels to unload their cargo onto smaller vessels, moving goods and people up the James River further into Virginia’s interior settlements. The trans-Atlantic importation of Africans declined during the last quarter of the 1700s. Demand for enslaved labor had not decreased; rather, the system shifted from international to domestic human trade. Colonies in the Caribbean like Barbados continued to depend heavily on more physically demanding and life-threatening sugar production, which required quicker and continual replenishing of the enslaved labor force. But in tobacco-dominated Virginia, working conditions generally allowed for Africans to live longer and have children, enabling the natural growth of the enslaved population. Before American independence, Bermuda Hundred and Osborne’s Landing were important centers for the forced migration of Africans to and within the British colonies of North America. For inscription text and images of Bermuda Hundred's Middle Passage marker, see The Historical Marker Database. For primary and secondary sources on Mobile and the broader history of the trans-Atlantic human trade, see the accompanying annotated bibliography. Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Bermuda Hundred and Osborne's Landing. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour Collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions can be obtained through an interactive Google map. After visiting Bermuda Hundred and Osborne's Landing, you may consider taking the Open Tour of Richmond.",[119,120,121,122,18],{"_71":103,"_115":116,"_117":118},"Bermuda Hundred and Osborne's Landing, Where Captive Africans Disembarked","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"caption","Map showing Bermuda Hundred and Osborne’s Landing on the James River, Virginia, 1807. From \"Carte des Provinces Meridionales des Etats-Unis,\" created by John Marshall and engraved by J.N. Buache in 1807. Courtesy of the David Rumsey Historical Map Collection, https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~36111~1200180:bermuda-hundred?annotIds=302308997%2C302308985#. Annotations added by the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project, 2026.","url","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F3319vtnzl6gszkgy3iao4h30sgf9?variant=desktop","new-stop-1718566266542","battery-island-an-arrival-site-near-wilmington","cape-fear-an-arrival-site-near-wilmington","bermuda-hundred-and-osborne-s-landing",{"_87":190,"_85":24,"_115":116,"_131":132,"_133":-5,"_134":-5,"_135":191,"_137":192,"_34":193,"_140":88,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_71":103,"_147":-5},{"_87":179,"_85":180,"_115":181,"_131":132,"_133":-5,"_134":-5,"_135":182,"_137":183,"_34":184,"_140":88,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_71":103,"_147":-5},{"_87":169,"_85":159,"_115":170,"_131":132,"_133":-5,"_134":-5,"_135":171,"_137":172,"_34":173,"_140":88,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_71":103,"_147":-5},{"_87":158,"_85":159,"_115":160,"_131":132,"_133":-5,"_134":-5,"_135":161,"_137":162,"_34":163,"_140":88,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_71":161,"_147":-5},{"_87":128,"_85":129,"_115":130,"_131":132,"_133":-5,"_134":-5,"_135":136,"_137":138,"_34":139,"_140":88,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_71":136,"_147":-5},365,4,"Announcement, Virginia Gazette, July 9, 1772, 3. Courtesy of Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/image/1144071394/.","desktop_width",750,"embed","embed_id","filename","The_Virginia_Gazette_1772_07_09_3.jpg","files",{"_148":149,"_150":151,"_152":153,"_154":155,"_156":157},467,"lqip_width","mobile_width",300,"original_image","provider","tablet_width",400,"video","original","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ff8wap9fma7uhbb6l6ey49pd0eo96","mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ff8wap9fma7uhbb6l6ey49pd0eo96?variant=mobile","tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ff8wap9fma7uhbb6l6ey49pd0eo96?variant=tablet","desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ff8wap9fma7uhbb6l6ey49pd0eo96?variant=desktop","lqip","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ff8wap9fma7uhbb6l6ey49pd0eo96?variant=lqip",364,3,"Announcement, Virginia Gazette, July 30, 1772, 3. Courtesy of Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/image/40481434/.","The_Virginia_Gazette_1772_07_30_Page_3.jpg",{"_148":164,"_150":165,"_152":166,"_154":167,"_156":168},466,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F6oh2xl5dswav06dimpg0hasxoaxc","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F6oh2xl5dswav06dimpg0hasxoaxc?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F6oh2xl5dswav06dimpg0hasxoaxc?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F6oh2xl5dswav06dimpg0hasxoaxc?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F6oh2xl5dswav06dimpg0hasxoaxc?variant=lqip",295,"Advertisement, The Virginia Gazette, Sept. 13, 1770, 3. Courtesy of Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/image/1144146616/.","The_Virginia_Gazette_1770_09_13_3.jpg",{"_148":174,"_150":175,"_152":176,"_154":177,"_156":178},403,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fhpub5hvgjw6o1jvrdqinpltxovog","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fhpub5hvgjw6o1jvrdqinpltxovog?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fhpub5hvgjw6o1jvrdqinpltxovog?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fhpub5hvgjw6o1jvrdqinpltxovog?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fhpub5hvgjw6o1jvrdqinpltxovog?variant=lqip",294,2,"Advertisement, Rind's Virginia Gazette, Sept. 5, 1766. Courtesy of Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/image/40443462/.","Rind_s_Virginia_Gazette_1766_09_05_Page_3.jpg",{"_148":185,"_150":186,"_152":187,"_154":188,"_156":189},402,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fzczf9dh0dern49dzha6imlm43a8f","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fzczf9dh0dern49dzha6imlm43a8f?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fzczf9dh0dern49dzha6imlm43a8f?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fzczf9dh0dern49dzha6imlm43a8f?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fzczf9dh0dern49dzha6imlm43a8f?variant=lqip",296,"VA_Bermuda_Hundred_1807_Map_Stars.jpg",{"_148":194,"_150":195,"_152":196,"_154":118,"_156":197},405,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F3319vtnzl6gszkgy3iao4h30sgf9","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F3319vtnzl6gszkgy3iao4h30sgf9?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F3319vtnzl6gszkgy3iao4h30sgf9?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F3319vtnzl6gszkgy3iao4h30sgf9?variant=lqip","new-tour-1718566187583","mississippi-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to","north-carolina-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-battery-island-wilmington_","north-carolina-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-battery-island-wilmington","north-carolina-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-battery-island-w","north-carolina-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-cape-fear-wilmington","mock-up-2-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-cape-fear-wilmington","mock-up-2-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to","virginia-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-bermuda-hundred-and-osbo","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fqx4c60cdzizmfb9vhncm5oo5c3jq?variant=desktop",{"_87":218,"_34":24,"_71":219},{"_87":216,"_34":180,"_71":217},{"_87":214,"_34":159,"_71":215},{"_87":212,"_34":129,"_71":213},232,"WALKING",231,"TRANSIT",230,"DRIVING",229,"BICYCLING",{"_87":234,"_85":24,"_115":116,"_131":132,"_133":-5,"_134":-5,"_135":235,"_137":236,"_34":237,"_140":88,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_71":103,"_147":-5},{"_87":222,"_85":159,"_115":223,"_131":132,"_133":-5,"_134":-5,"_135":224,"_137":225,"_34":226,"_140":227,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_71":228,"_147":-5},121,"Map by David Eltis and David Richardson. Courtesy of SlaveVoyages, https://www.slavevoyages.org/blog/volume-and-direction-trans-atlantic-slave-trade.\n“This map summarizes and combines the many different paths by which captives left Africa and reached the Americas. While there were strong connections between particular embarkation and disembarkation regions, it was also the case that captives from any of the major regions of Africa could disembark in almost any of the major regions of the Americas. Even captives leaving Southeast Africa, the region most remote from the Americas, could disembark in mainland North America, as well as the Caribbean and South America. The data in this map are based on estimates of the total slave trade rather than documented departures and arrivals.”","FL-STAUG-SlaveVoyages-human-trade-map.jpg",{"_148":229,"_150":230,"_152":231,"_154":232,"_156":233},67,5,"Volume and direction of the trans-Atlantic human trade from Africa to the 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