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The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals.

Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U.S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations.

This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.

One of many arrival sites is New London, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies.

","flat_pages",[],"icon_color","#D32F2F","id",18,"is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","hybrid","media",[217,218],"meta_description","The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals. Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U. S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations. This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.One of many arrival sites is New London, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies. ","mode",{"_35":162,"_72":210},"modes",[205,206,207,208],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-07-25","read_duration"," reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","splash",{"_72":97,"_116":203,"_118":204},"slug","slugs",[201,202,16],"stop_count","stops",[84],"tenant_title","Middle Passage Markers","title","Connecticut: Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to New London","travel_duration"," walking","theme",{"_35":82,"_72":83},"type","voice_overs",[],"use_directions",11,"emory",{"_85":-5,"_86":23,"_87":-5,"_88":89,"_33":90,"_91":92,"_93":-5,"_29":94,"_95":-5,"_96":97,"_35":98,"_99":100,"_101":102,"_41":-5,"_45":103,"_47":97,"_104":25,"_105":-5,"_106":-5,"_54":38,"_61":107,"_64":108,"_65":109,"_62":110,"_72":111,"_78":112,"_113":-5,"_114":-5,"_79":115},"next","position","previous","relation_id",35,"#06ebef","address","200 State Pier Rd, New London, CT 06320, USA","article_link","Situated at the mouth of the Thames River where it meets Long Island Sound, New London is known for its naval significance and as the home of the U.S. Coast Guard Academy. This maritime prominence was built in part through Atlantic trade sustained by slavery and the trans-Atlantic human trade.

The territory between the Niantic and the Pawcatuck Rivers—including present-day New London—constitutes the ancestral homeland of the Pequot people. In the early 1600s, the Pequots exercised political and economic authority over this region, which lay within what English colonists called “New England.” English settlement accelerated during the 1630s, beginning along the Atlantic coast with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. English settlement accelerated during the 1630s along the Atlantic coast, beginning with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It then moved west into the Connecticut River Valley, where towns later formed the Connecticut Colony in 1639.

As English settlement expanded, tensions intensified not only between colonists and Indigenous people but among Indigenous nations navigating the changing landscape. These pressures culminated in the Pequot War of 1636-1638, fought between the Pequot Nation and an alliance of English colonists and their Mohegan and Narragansett allies. The war devastated the Pequot Nation. During and after the conflict, English colonists enslaved Pequot women and children within New England and transported many Pequot men to the Caribbean, exchanging them for enslaved Africans and commodities. Colonists increasingly preferred enslaving Africans. They believed that people forcibly removed from their homelands and political networks faced greater constraints on escape and collective resistance than Indigenous people with local kinship ties and territorial knowledge.

English colonial officials invoked the doctrine of conquest to legitimize the seizure of Pequot land and the dismantling of their political authority. In the mid-1640s, colonists from the Massachusetts Bay Colony established a permanent presence at Nameaug, a Pequot fishing village. Although west of Massachusetts Bay, the settlement fell under Connecticut Colony jurisdiction as English authority consolidated. In 1658, colonial authorities renamed it New London.

To meet labor demands in agriculture, households, and maritime trades, New Londoners increasingly relied on enslaved Africans, while still holding smaller numbers of Indigenous people in bondage. Many Africans arrived through trafficking networks between colonies, making up roughly 9% of New London’s residents by the late 1600s. Colonial authorities sought to secure land, control labor, and prevent alliances among nonwhite workers by implementing systems of surveillance, legal restriction, and punishment, laying the groundwork for racialized control as enslavement expanded.

By the early 1700s, New London’s deep-water harbor emerged as one of Connecticut’s first major trading ports. This growth increased reliance on forced labor. Between 1756 and 1774, the enslaved population in Connecticut grew by roughly 40%, and New London and its surrounding area held nearly one-third of all enslaved people in the colony. Their labor supported the export of timber, barrels, crops, and livestock primarily to Caribbean plantations, linking the city’s economy directly to sugar and molasses production. Several local families profited from both the trans-Atlantic and domestic slave trade.

Between 1756 and 1791, at least nine vessels departed from New London carrying roughly 790 Africans to ports in British and Spanish colonial America, including Maryland, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, and Barbados. On one of these ships, the Hope, Senegambian captives revolted. The Speedwell was the only known vessel to transport captives directly from Africa to New London. Upon its arrival in 1761, traders brought 74 captives ashore and sold them. Subsequently, they transported others up the Connecticut River to Middletown. Eight documented vessels carrying enslaved people from the Caribbean and New York also stopped in New London to sell captives. These vessels carried more captives than ultimately arrived, reflecting deaths at sea and/or disembarkations elsewhere.

In 1774, on the eve of the American Revolution, Connecticut banned the importation of enslaved people. Lawmakers justified the ban primarily on economic grounds. As conflict with Britain intensified, they feared continued importation would challenge colonial elites’ authority, increase competition for jobs and resources among poor white laborers, and heighten tensions with Black and Indigenous people, both enslaved and free. The growing contradiction between enslavement and ideals of liberty, along with these economic and social pressures, further fueled debates about the future of slavery in the colony. The 1774 law signaled change without dismantling the institution.

During the Revolutionary War, New London’s harbor and its proximity to British-occupied New York made the city a crucial naval hub and a vulnerable military target. British blockades disrupted trade and labor. Enslaved and free Black men from Connecticut fought on both sides, including aboard American privateers—privately-owned ships authorized to attack enemy vessels—that raided British ships, generating profit for New London and other ports. At least ten documented Black men from New London served in American forces.

Between 1774 and 1782, New London’s enslaved population grew, and then fell sharply—by nearly 70%—in the following decade due to military service, self-emancipation, manumission, and postwar sales of enslaved people out of the region. The Gradual Emancipation Act of 1784 freed children born after March 1 of that year once they reached adulthood, leaving many still enslaved for decades. Despite these challenges, Black New Londoners built churches, mutual aid networks, and institutions that shaped the city’s social and cultural life.

New London gained international attention in 1839 with the arrival of the Amistad. Merchants illegally shipped Africans from present-day Sierra Leone across the Atlantic for sale in Havana in violation of international treaties banning the trans-Atlantic human trade. They later placed them aboard the Amistad to transport to another Cuban port. Led by Sengbe Pieh (Cinqué), the captives revolted and attempted to force the crew to sail them back to Africa. Surviving Spanish navigators secretly steered the ship westward. A U.S. naval vessel enforcing American anti-piracy laws intercepted the Amistad off Long Island, New York, and towed it to New London, a maritime inspection port that served as a base for the United States Revenue Cutter Service (a predecessor of the U.S. Coast Guard).

Because slavery remained legal in Connecticut for those already enslaved, American officials and the surviving Spanish crew sought to claim the Africans as maritime “cargo.” This prompted a court battle over whether the captives were property or free people under U.S. and international law. The ensuing federal cases culminated in an 1841 U.S. Supreme Court decision. The court ruled that the Africans had been abducted in violation of U.S. law and acted as free people when they resisted. This decision applied only to those aboard the Amistad and did not abolish slavery, which remained legal in Connecticut until 1848.

Today, New London acknowledges its connections to the trans-Atlantic human trade and slavery: it is a designated Site of Memory on UNESCO’s Routes of Enslaved Peoples Project. A Middle Passage Marker at Amistad Pier acknowledges the history of the Speedwell, while an adjacent marker commemorates the captives aboard the Amistad. Additionally, the New London Black Heritage Trail highlights more than 300 years of Black history in the city.

For primary and secondary sources on New London and the broader history of the trans-Atlantic human trade, see the accompanying annotated bibliography.

Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to New London. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive Google Map. After visiting New London, you may consider taking the Open Tour of Middletown (CT) or the Open Tour of Newport (RI).

","direction_intro","direction_notes","",27,"lat",41.3599258,"lng",-72.0923157,[125,126,127,128,129],"orphaned","parking_lat","parking_lng","Situated at the mouth of the Thames River where it meets Long Island Sound, New London is known for its naval significance and as the home of the U. S. Coast Guard Academy. This maritime prominence was built in part through Atlantic trade sustained by slavery and the trans-Atlantic human trade. The territory between the Niantic and the Pawcatuck Rivers—including present-day New London—constitutes the ancestral homeland of the Pequot people. In the early 1600s, the Pequots exercised political and economic authority over this region, which lay within what English colonists called “New England.” English settlement accelerated during the 1630s, beginning along the Atlantic coast with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. English settlement accelerated during the 1630s along the Atlantic coast, beginning with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It then moved west into the Connecticut River Valley, where towns later formed the Connecticut Colony in 1639. As English settlement expanded, tensions intensified not only between colonists and Indigenous people but among Indigenous nations navigating the changing landscape. These pressures culminated in the Pequot War of 1636-1638, fought between the Pequot Nation and an alliance of English colonists and their Mohegan and Narragansett allies. The war devastated the Pequot Nation. During and after the conflict, English colonists enslaved Pequot women and children within New England and transported many Pequot men to the Caribbean, exchanging them for enslaved Africans and commodities. Colonists increasingly preferred enslaving Africans. They believed that people forcibly removed from their homelands and political networks faced greater constraints on escape and collective resistance than Indigenous people with local kinship ties and territorial knowledge. English colonial officials invoked the doctrine of conquest to legitimize the seizure of Pequot land and the dismantling of their political authority. In the mid-1640s, colonists from the Massachusetts Bay Colony established a permanent presence at Nameaug, a Pequot fishing village. Although west of Massachusetts Bay, the settlement fell under Connecticut Colony jurisdiction as English authority consolidated. In 1658, colonial authorities renamed it New London. To meet labor demands in agriculture, households, and maritime trades, New Londoners increasingly relied on enslaved Africans, while still holding smaller numbers of Indigenous people in bondage. Many Africans arrived through trafficking networks between colonies, making up roughly 9% of New London’s residents by the late 1600s. Colonial authorities sought to secure land, control labor, and prevent alliances among nonwhite workers by implementing systems of surveillance, legal restriction, and punishment, laying the groundwork for racialized control as enslavement expanded. By the early 1700s, New London’s deep-water harbor emerged as one of Connecticut’s first major trading ports. This growth increased reliance on forced labor. Between 1756 and 1774, the enslaved population in Connecticut grew by roughly 40%, and New London and its surrounding area held nearly one-third of all enslaved people in the colony. Their labor supported the export of timber, barrels, crops, and livestock primarily to Caribbean plantations, linking the city’s economy directly to sugar and molasses production. Several local families profited from both the trans-Atlantic and domestic slave trade. Between 1756 and 1791, at least nine vessels departed from New London carrying roughly 790 Africans to ports in British and Spanish colonial America, including Maryland, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, and Barbados. On one of these ships, the Hope, Senegambian captives revolted. The Speedwell was the only known vessel to transport captives directly from Africa to New London. Upon its arrival in 1761, traders brought 74 captives ashore and sold them. Subsequently, they transported others up the Connecticut River to Middletown. Eight documented vessels carrying enslaved people from the Caribbean and New York also stopped in New London to sell captives. These vessels carried more captives than ultimately arrived, reflecting deaths at sea and/or disembarkations elsewhere. In 1774, on the eve of the American Revolution, Connecticut banned the importation of enslaved people. Lawmakers justified the ban primarily on economic grounds. As conflict with Britain intensified, they feared continued importation would challenge colonial elites’ authority, increase competition for jobs and resources among poor white laborers, and heighten tensions with Black and Indigenous people, both enslaved and free. The growing contradiction between enslavement and ideals of liberty, along with these economic and social pressures, further fueled debates about the future of slavery in the colony. The 1774 law signaled change without dismantling the institution. During the Revolutionary War, New London’s harbor and its proximity to British-occupied New York made the city a crucial naval hub and a vulnerable military target. British blockades disrupted trade and labor. Enslaved and free Black men from Connecticut fought on both sides, including aboard American privateers—privately-owned ships authorized to attack enemy vessels—that raided British ships, generating profit for New London and other ports. At least ten documented Black men from New London served in American forces. Between 1774 and 1782, New London’s enslaved population grew, and then fell sharply—by nearly 70%—in the following decade due to military service, self-emancipation, manumission, and postwar sales of enslaved people out of the region. The Gradual Emancipation Act of 1784 freed children born after March 1 of that year once they reached adulthood, leaving many still enslaved for decades. Despite these challenges, Black New Londoners built churches, mutual aid networks, and institutions that shaped the city’s social and cultural life. New London gained international attention in 1839 with the arrival of the Amistad. Merchants illegally shipped Africans from present-day Sierra Leone across the Atlantic for sale in Havana in violation of international treaties banning the trans-Atlantic human trade. They later placed them aboard the Amistad to transport to another Cuban port. Led by Sengbe Pieh (Cinqué), the captives revolted and attempted to force the crew to sail them back to Africa. Surviving Spanish navigators secretly steered the ship westward. A U. S. naval vessel enforcing American anti-piracy laws intercepted the Amistad off Long Island, New York, and towed it to New London, a maritime inspection port that served as a base for the United States Revenue Cutter Service (a predecessor of the U. S. Coast Guard). Because slavery remained legal in Connecticut for those already enslaved, American officials and the surviving Spanish crew sought to claim the Africans as maritime “cargo.” This prompted a court battle over whether the captives were property or free people under U. S. and international law. The ensuing federal cases culminated in an 1841 U. S. Supreme Court decision. The court ruled that the Africans had been abducted in violation of U. S. law and acted as free people when they resisted. This decision applied only to those aboard the Amistad and did not abolish slavery, which remained legal in Connecticut until 1848. Today, New London acknowledges its connections to the trans-Atlantic human trade and slavery: it is a designated Site of Memory on UNESCO’s Routes of Enslaved Peoples Project. A Middle Passage Marker at Amistad Pier acknowledges the history of the Speedwell, while an adjacent marker commemorates the captives aboard the Amistad. Additionally, the New London Black Heritage Trail highlights more than 300 years of Black history in the city. For primary and secondary sources on New London and the broader history of the trans-Atlantic human trade, see the accompanying annotated bibliography. Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to New London. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive Google Map. After visiting New London, you may consider taking the Open Tour of Middletown (CT) or the Open Tour of Newport (RI).","new-london-where-captive-africans-disembarked",[120,121,122,123,124,108],{"_72":97,"_116":117,"_118":119},"New London, Where Captive Africans Disembarked","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"caption","Map of “The harbor of New London,” 1848 by the U.S. Coast Survey. Courtesy of the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, https://collections.lib.uwm.edu/digital/collection/agdm/id/6732.","url","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F7s3j7zlkpmthpabmkeutfq9wthd6?variant=desktop","new-stop-1716648535635","new-london","new-london-where-captive-africans","port-of-new-london-where-captive-africans","port-of-new-london-where-captive-africans-disembarked",{"_88":194,"_86":23,"_116":117,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":195,"_139":196,"_35":149,"_142":143,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_72":97,"_150":-5},{"_88":183,"_86":184,"_116":185,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":186,"_139":187,"_35":188,"_142":143,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_72":97,"_150":-5},{"_88":172,"_86":173,"_116":174,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":175,"_139":176,"_35":177,"_142":143,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_72":97,"_150":-5},{"_88":161,"_86":162,"_116":163,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":164,"_139":165,"_35":166,"_142":143,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_72":97,"_150":-5},{"_88":130,"_86":131,"_116":132,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":138,"_139":140,"_35":141,"_142":143,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_72":97,"_150":-5},322,5,"Drummers and dancers perform during the 2022 Middle Passage remembrance ceremony on Amistad Pier in New London, Connecticut, honoring the lives of Africans who endured the trans-Atlantic human trade.","desktop_width",750,"embed","embed_id","filename","Ceremony_New_London_CT_IMG_6995 (2).jpeg","files",{"_151":152,"_153":154,"_155":156,"_157":158,"_159":160},421,"lqip_width",50,"mobile_width",300,"original_image","provider","tablet_width",400,"video","original","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fqpyozrpm0li33fy6lvpssjroasik","mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fqpyozrpm0li33fy6lvpssjroasik?variant=mobile","tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fqpyozrpm0li33fy6lvpssjroasik?variant=tablet","desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fqpyozrpm0li33fy6lvpssjroasik?variant=desktop","lqip","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fqpyozrpm0li33fy6lvpssjroasik?variant=lqip",323,4,"Middle Passage marker (erected in 2022) stands alongside the Amistad marker on Amistad Pier.","Market_New_London_CT_IMG_7056 (1).jpeg",{"_151":167,"_153":168,"_155":169,"_157":170,"_159":171},422,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F8h0mcoc9v3m3gwzj7d596fb1s4vg","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F8h0mcoc9v3m3gwzj7d596fb1s4vg?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F8h0mcoc9v3m3gwzj7d596fb1s4vg?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F8h0mcoc9v3m3gwzj7d596fb1s4vg?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F8h0mcoc9v3m3gwzj7d596fb1s4vg?variant=lqip",320,3,"Middle Passage marker, erected in 2022 on Amistad Pier.\n","New London, CT Marker_2022.jpg",{"_151":178,"_153":179,"_155":180,"_157":181,"_159":182},419,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ftjecyxmm0660a0rkz7ejwmcchxvb","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ftjecyxmm0660a0rkz7ejwmcchxvb?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ftjecyxmm0660a0rkz7ejwmcchxvb?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ftjecyxmm0660a0rkz7ejwmcchxvb?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ftjecyxmm0660a0rkz7ejwmcchxvb?variant=lqip",292,2,"Contemporary painting of the sailing vessel La Amistad off Culloden Point, Long Island, New York, on August 26, 1839. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_Amistad_(ship)_restored.jpg.","Connecticut_New_London_Amistad_Painting.jpg",{"_151":189,"_153":190,"_155":191,"_157":192,"_159":193},399,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fex740m6r43hrccwk9b1z13dqraz7","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fex740m6r43hrccwk9b1z13dqraz7?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fex740m6r43hrccwk9b1z13dqraz7?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fex740m6r43hrccwk9b1z13dqraz7?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fex740m6r43hrccwk9b1z13dqraz7?variant=lqip",293,"Connecticut_New_London_1842_Map_Crop.jpg",{"_151":197,"_153":198,"_155":199,"_157":119,"_159":200},"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F7s3j7zlkpmthpabmkeutfq9wthd6","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F7s3j7zlkpmthpabmkeutfq9wthd6?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F7s3j7zlkpmthpabmkeutfq9wthd6?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F7s3j7zlkpmthpabmkeutfq9wthd6?variant=lqip","new-tour-1716600225502","trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-middletown","“Connecticut,” 1794. Map by John Stockdale. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/99466761/. Annotation added by the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project.","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/lpxj45r76gbc44snreuwhry3d1fv?variant=desktop",{"_88":215,"_35":23,"_72":216},{"_88":213,"_35":184,"_72":214},{"_88":211,"_35":173,"_72":212},{"_88":209,"_35":162,"_72":210},72,"WALKING",71,"TRANSIT",70,"DRIVING",69,"BICYCLING",{"_88":230,"_86":23,"_116":203,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":231,"_139":232,"_35":233,"_142":143,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_72":97,"_150":-5},{"_88":219,"_86":184,"_116":220,"_133":134,"_135":-5,"_136":-5,"_137":221,"_139":222,"_35":223,"_142":131,"_144":145,"_146":-5,"_147":-5,"_148":149,"_72":224,"_150":-5},90,"Map by David Eltis and David Richardson. Courtesy of SlaveVoyages, https://www.slavevoyages.org/blog/volume-and-direction-trans-atlantic-slave-trade.\n“This map summarizes and combines the many different paths by which captives left Africa and reached the Americas. While there were strong connections between particular embarkation and disembarkation regions, it was also the case that captives from any of the major regions of Africa could disembark in almost any of the major regions of the Americas. Even captives leaving Southeast Africa, the region most remote from the Americas, could disembark in mainland North America, as well as the Caribbean and South America. The data in this map are based on estimates of the total slave trade rather than documented departures and arrivals.”","FL-STAUG-SlaveVoyages-human-trade-map.jpg",{"_151":225,"_153":226,"_155":227,"_157":228,"_159":229},67,"Volume and direction of the trans-Atlantic human trade from Africa to the 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