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The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals.

Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U.S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations.

This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.

One of many arrival sites is Amelia Island, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies.

","flat_pages",[],"id",19,"is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","hybrid","media",[220,221],"meta_description","The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals. Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U. S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations. This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.One of many arrival sites is Amelia Island, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies. ","mode",{"_33":158,"_70":213},"modes",[208,209,210,211],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-07-25","read_duration"," reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","splash",{"_70":205,"_116":206,"_118":207},"slug","slugs",[198,199,200,16,201,202,203,204],"stop_count","stops",[82],"tenant_title","Middle Passage Markers","title","Florida: Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Amelia Island","travel_duration"," walking","theme",{"_33":80,"_70":81},"type","voice_overs",[],"use_directions",11,"emory",{"_83":-5,"_84":23,"_85":-5,"_86":87,"_88":89,"_90":-5,"_29":91,"_92":-5,"_93":-5,"_94":95,"_33":96,"_97":98,"_99":100,"_39":-5,"_43":101,"_45":102,"_103":25,"_104":-5,"_105":-5,"_52":36,"_59":106,"_62":107,"_63":108,"_60":109,"_70":110,"_76":111,"_112":-5,"_113":-5,"_77":114},"next","position","previous","relation_id",43,"address","715 San Fernando St, Fernandina Beach, FL 32034, USA","article_link","

Located near the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico, Florida provided opportunities for the movement of captives directly from Africa and through the Caribbean. It served as a base for lawful commerce and smuggling. Yet the peninsula’s interior—characterized by forested wetlands, marshes, mangroves, and swamps—posed significant challenges for Europeans seeking to establish a firm foothold. Early European settlements clustered along the coast, while the rugged interior offered refuge for Indigenous communities and for Africans and their descendants escaping colonial violence and enslavement.

The first Africans, both free and enslaved, arrived in Florida with early European explorers, including: Juan Ponce de León (1513; 1521), Panfilo de Narváez (1528), Hernando de Soto (1539–1540), Tristan de Luna (1559–1561), and Pedro Menéndez de Avilés (1565). Indigenous communities—including Timucuan bands on Napoyca (Amelia Island)—inhabited much of the region. French Huguenot settlements along Florida’s Atlantic coast, such as Isle de May (Amelia Island), were eventually displaced by the Spanish from St. Augustine. The Spanish established mission settlements to convert Indigenous peoples to Christianity, organize labor for the colonial economy, and create a buffer against English expansion. On Amelia Island, Timucua, Yamasee, Guale, and other Indigenous people lived at Spanish missions. These vulnerable outposts were destroyed in 1702 by South Carolina Governor James Moore and his Yamasee allies.

Amelia Island’s strategic location continued to cause conflict. In 1736, Georgia’s colonial leader, James Oglethorpe, attempted to secure the island as the British colony’s southern boundary, though Spanish forces ultimately retained control. European powers expanded their empires throughout the mid-1700s while defending existing colonies. They waged wars against Indigenous nations, rival empires, and, at times, settlers. These imperial conflicts culminated in the Seven Years’ War. The first Treaty of Paris in 1763 ended the war and transferred Florida from Spain to Britain. The accompanying British Proclamation of 1763 divided the colony into East and West Florida, with the Apalachicola River as the boundary between them. The St. Mary’s River defined East Florida’s northeastern border with Georgia.

During the first Spanish period, from the mid-1500s through the mid-1700s, Florida provided refuge to Africans escaping enslavement from neighboring territories. Under British rule, the labor system shifted. Planters and loyalists migrating from Georgia and South Carolina brought enslaved Africans into Florida and established a plantation society. In the 1760s, Lord Egmont received land grants on Amelia Island and imported 50 captives from West Africa’s Guinea Coast to establish villages and a port of entry on the St. Mary’s River. By 1770, Egmont moved his operations to Amelia Island. Enslaved people produced profitable indigo crops on his plantations until American troops from Georgia destroyed them in 1776.

British control ended after the American Revolution, when the 1783 Treaty of Paris returned East and West Florida to Spain. Many British settlers left, while enslaved Africans were sold, relocated, or absorbed into Spanish systems. Under renewed Spanish rule, Amelia Island developed as a key East Coast port, especially as St. Augustine and St. Mary’s declined. Spanish authorities relied on middlemen—most importantly, the trading firm Panton, Leslie, and Company—to secure trade and alliances with Native nations, particularly the Creeks and other southeastern tribes. Their network connected key coastal ports. This included Pensacola on the Gulf Coast and St. Augustine on the Atlantic Coast, as well as inland trading posts along major rivers such as the St. John's, St. Mary's and Apalachicola. Amelia Island became a key port, linking Spanish East Florida to nearby regions, including the Gulf coast, the southeastern Atlantic coast, and the Caribbean.

The late 1700s and early 1800s brought new instability. Panton, Leslie, and Company collected debts from southeastern Indigenous nations, while William Augustus Bowles, a British loyalist claiming to represent Creek and Seminole interests, challenged Spanish authority before ultimately reinforcing the firm’s power. Land cessions became central to debt repayment, as the Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws surrendered territory along the Ocmulgee and Mississippi Rivers. U.S. officials arranged agreements to secure land and prevent alliances between Native nations and European powers.\nAfter the U.S. Embargo Act of 1807 and the constitutional ban on importing Africans into the U.S. in 1808, Fernandina on Amelia Island—then under Spanish control—emerged as an unofficial port, operating outside U.S. tariffs. Traders registered, inspected, and sold newly arrived captives, who were often smuggled across the St. Mary’s River into Georgia and South Carolina. In 1817, the NS de Monserrate and Jesus Nazareno landed more than 350 Africans on Amelia Island, with Misery Point serving as a quarantine site.

Amelia Island’s strategic value continued to draw military attention. On March 16, 1812, U.S.-backed “Patriots of Amelia Island” led by General George Matthews seized Fernandina. They raised the Patriot flag before U.S. troops replaced it with the American flag—an episode that strained relations with Spain. By May 6, 1813, Patriot forces withdrew, and Spanish authority was restored. Yet new incursions followed: Scottish adventurer Gregor MacGregor briefly captured the island in 1817, and French privateer Luis Aury claimed it later that year on behalf of Mexico’s independence movement. These conflicts underscored Amelia Island’s role in international trade, smuggling, and political maneuvering.

The repeated challenges to Spanish authority, combined with Amelia Island’s strategic position, trade networks, and Black and Indigenous presence, made it a focal point of Atlantic world rivalries. The 1821 Adams–Onís Treaty ended Spanish sovereignty and incorporated Florida, including Amelia Island, into U.S. territory. Plantations using enslaved Black labor continued under U.S. rule. Free Black residents faced uncertainty, with some relocating to Cuba or other regions to protect their freedom. U.S. annexation marked the final stage of a centuries-long process in which Amelia Island had been a contested space of European, African, Indigenous, and American interests.

For inscription text and images of Middletown's Middle Passage marker, see The Historical Marker Database.

For primary and secondary sources on Amelia Island and the broader history of the trans-Atlantic human trade, see the accompanying annotated bibliography.

Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Amelia Island. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive Google Map. After visiting Amelia Island, you may consider taking the Open Tour of St. Augustine or the Open Tour of Pensacola.

","direction_intro","direction_notes","icon_color","#06ebef",35,"lat",30.6897923,"lng",-81.4562261,[121,122,123,124,125],"","orphaned","parking_lat","parking_lng","Located near the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico, Florida provided opportunities for the movement of captives directly from Africa and through the Caribbean. It served as a base for lawful commerce and smuggling. Yet the peninsula’s interior—characterized by forested wetlands, marshes, mangroves, and swamps—posed significant challenges for Europeans seeking to establish a firm foothold. Early European settlements clustered along the coast, while the rugged interior offered refuge for Indigenous communities and for Africans and their descendants escaping colonial violence and enslavement. The first Africans, both free and enslaved, arrived in Florida with early European explorers, including: Juan Ponce de León (1513; 1521), Panfilo de Narváez (1528), Hernando de Soto (1539–1540), Tristan de Luna (1559–1561), and Pedro Menéndez de Avilés (1565). Indigenous communities—including Timucuan bands on Napoyca (Amelia Island)—inhabited much of the region. French Huguenot settlements along Florida’s Atlantic coast, such as Isle de May (Amelia Island), were eventually displaced by the Spanish from St. Augustine. The Spanish established mission settlements to convert Indigenous peoples to Christianity, organize labor for the colonial economy, and create a buffer against English expansion. On Amelia Island, Timucua, Yamasee, Guale, and other Indigenous people lived at Spanish missions. These vulnerable outposts were destroyed in 1702 by South Carolina Governor James Moore and his Yamasee allies. Amelia Island’s strategic location continued to cause conflict. In 1736, Georgia’s colonial leader, James Oglethorpe, attempted to secure the island as the British colony’s southern boundary, though Spanish forces ultimately retained control. European powers expanded their empires throughout the mid-1700s while defending existing colonies. They waged wars against Indigenous nations, rival empires, and, at times, settlers. These imperial conflicts culminated in the Seven Years’ War. The first Treaty of Paris in 1763 ended the war and transferred Florida from Spain to Britain. The accompanying British Proclamation of 1763 divided the colony into East and West Florida, with the Apalachicola River as the boundary between them. The St. Mary’s River defined East Florida’s northeastern border with Georgia. During the first Spanish period, from the mid-1500s through the mid-1700s, Florida provided refuge to Africans escaping enslavement from neighboring territories. Under British rule, the labor system shifted. Planters and loyalists migrating from Georgia and South Carolina brought enslaved Africans into Florida and established a plantation society. In the 1760s, Lord Egmont received land grants on Amelia Island and imported 50 captives from West Africa’s Guinea Coast to establish villages and a port of entry on the St. Mary’s River. By 1770, Egmont moved his operations to Amelia Island. Enslaved people produced profitable indigo crops on his plantations until American troops from Georgia destroyed them in 1776.British control ended after the American Revolution, when the 1783 Treaty of Paris returned East and West Florida to Spain. Many British settlers left, while enslaved Africans were sold, relocated, or absorbed into Spanish systems. Under renewed Spanish rule, Amelia Island developed as a key East Coast port, especially as St. Augustine and St. Mary’s declined. Spanish authorities relied on middlemen—most importantly, the trading firm Panton, Leslie, and Company—to secure trade and alliances with Native nations, particularly the Creeks and other southeastern tribes. Their network connected key coastal ports. This included Pensacola on the Gulf Coast and St. Augustine on the Atlantic Coast, as well as inland trading posts along major rivers such as the St. John's, St. Mary's and Apalachicola. Amelia Island became a key port, linking Spanish East Florida to nearby regions, including the Gulf coast, the southeastern Atlantic coast, and the Caribbean. The late 1700s and early 1800s brought new instability. Panton, Leslie, and Company collected debts from southeastern Indigenous nations, while William Augustus Bowles, a British loyalist claiming to represent Creek and Seminole interests, challenged Spanish authority before ultimately reinforcing the firm’s power. Land cessions became central to debt repayment, as the Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws surrendered territory along the Ocmulgee and Mississippi Rivers. U. S. officials arranged agreements to secure land and prevent alliances between Native nations and European powers.\nAfter the U. S. Embargo Act of 1807 and the constitutional ban on importing Africans into the U. S. in 1808, Fernandina on Amelia Island—then under Spanish control—emerged as an unofficial port, operating outside U. S. tariffs. Traders registered, inspected, and sold newly arrived captives, who were often smuggled across the St. Mary’s River into Georgia and South Carolina. In 1817, the NS de Monserrate and Jesus Nazareno landed more than 350 Africans on Amelia Island, with Misery Point serving as a quarantine site. Amelia Island’s strategic value continued to draw military attention. On March 16, 1812, U. S.-backed “Patriots of Amelia Island” led by General George Matthews seized Fernandina. They raised the Patriot flag before U. S. troops replaced it with the American flag—an episode that strained relations with Spain. By May 6, 1813, Patriot forces withdrew, and Spanish authority was restored. Yet new incursions followed: Scottish adventurer Gregor MacGregor briefly captured the island in 1817, and French privateer Luis Aury claimed it later that year on behalf of Mexico’s independence movement. These conflicts underscored Amelia Island’s role in international trade, smuggling, and political maneuvering. The repeated challenges to Spanish authority, combined with Amelia Island’s strategic position, trade networks, and Black and Indigenous presence, made it a focal point of Atlantic world rivalries. The 1821 Adams–Onís Treaty ended Spanish sovereignty and incorporated Florida, including Amelia Island, into U. S. territory. Plantations using enslaved Black labor continued under U. S. rule. Free Black residents faced uncertainty, with some relocating to Cuba or other regions to protect their freedom. U. S. annexation marked the final stage of a centuries-long process in which Amelia Island had been a contested space of European, African, Indigenous, and American interests. For inscription text and images of Middletown's Middle Passage marker, see The Historical Marker Database. For primary and secondary sources on Amelia Island and the broader history of the trans-Atlantic human trade, see the accompanying annotated bibliography. Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Amelia Island. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive Google Map. After visiting Amelia Island, you may consider taking the Open Tour of St. Augustine or the Open Tour of Pensacola.","amelia-island-where-captive-africans-disembarked",[120,107],{"_70":115,"_116":117,"_118":119},"Amelia Island, Where Captive Africans Disembarked","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"North end of Amelia Island, East Florida 1770","caption","Detail from “Plan of Amelia Island in East Florida, north point of Amelia Island lyes in 30:55 north latitude 80:23 w. longitude from London, taken from De Brahm's Map of South Caroline & Georgia. A chart of the entrance into St. Mary's River.” Map boy T. Jeffreys (1770). Courtesy of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C, https://lccn.loc.gov/73694443. ","url","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/4e2g7gty4rxm7v1yaywlbv1j0ak4?variant=desktop","new-stop-1718480768428",{"_86":190,"_84":23,"_116":117,"_129":130,"_131":-5,"_132":-5,"_133":191,"_135":192,"_33":193,"_138":127,"_140":141,"_142":-5,"_143":-5,"_144":145,"_70":115,"_146":-5},{"_86":179,"_84":180,"_116":181,"_129":130,"_131":-5,"_132":-5,"_133":182,"_135":183,"_33":184,"_138":139,"_140":141,"_142":-5,"_143":-5,"_144":145,"_70":102,"_146":-5},{"_86":168,"_84":169,"_116":170,"_129":130,"_131":-5,"_132":-5,"_133":171,"_135":172,"_33":173,"_138":139,"_140":141,"_142":-5,"_143":-5,"_144":145,"_70":102,"_146":-5},{"_86":157,"_84":158,"_116":159,"_129":130,"_131":-5,"_132":-5,"_133":160,"_135":161,"_33":162,"_138":139,"_140":141,"_142":-5,"_143":-5,"_144":145,"_70":102,"_146":-5},{"_86":126,"_84":127,"_116":128,"_129":130,"_131":-5,"_132":-5,"_133":134,"_135":136,"_33":137,"_138":139,"_140":141,"_142":-5,"_143":-5,"_144":145,"_70":102,"_146":-5},318,5,"Drummer leads participants in a ceremony at Amelia Island, using rhythm and sound to guide collective remembrance. ","desktop_width",750,"embed","embed_id","filename","Amelia_Island_Fl_7.jpg","files",{"_147":148,"_149":150,"_151":152,"_153":154,"_155":156},417,"lqip_width",50,"mobile_width",300,"original_image","provider","tablet_width",400,"video","original","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ffoidnmzen45rnsoemqun9wge7xs4","mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ffoidnmzen45rnsoemqun9wge7xs4?variant=mobile","tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ffoidnmzen45rnsoemqun9wge7xs4?variant=tablet","desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ffoidnmzen45rnsoemqun9wge7xs4?variant=desktop","lqip","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ffoidnmzen45rnsoemqun9wge7xs4?variant=lqip",319,4,"Community members and leaders gather along the shoreline at Amelia Island to participate in a remembrance ceremony, offering flowers and libations to honor the ancestors who arrived through the trans-Atlantic human trade. ","Amelia_Island_Fl_.JPG",{"_147":163,"_149":164,"_151":165,"_153":166,"_155":167},418,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F4cman6dcfzf3i9babpcnv9vwtwe5","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F4cman6dcfzf3i9babpcnv9vwtwe5?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F4cman6dcfzf3i9babpcnv9vwtwe5?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F4cman6dcfzf3i9babpcnv9vwtwe5?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F4cman6dcfzf3i9babpcnv9vwtwe5?variant=lqip",317,3,"A UNESCO marker identifies Amelia Island as a Site of Memory, connecting this location to a global effort to document and commemorate the history and legacy of the trans-Atlantic human trade.\n","Amelia Island, FL 2.jpg",{"_147":174,"_149":175,"_151":176,"_153":177,"_155":178},416,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fn4m42ckt5rxm14jvyokqounawsuh","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fn4m42ckt5rxm14jvyokqounawsuh?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fn4m42ckt5rxm14jvyokqounawsuh?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fn4m42ckt5rxm14jvyokqounawsuh?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fn4m42ckt5rxm14jvyokqounawsuh?variant=lqip",316,2,"A National Park Service ranger stands beside the Amelia Island Middle Passage marker, a designated Site of Memory connected to the trans-Atlantic arrival of captive Africans. The site is part of the UNESCO Slave Route Project and the Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor.\n","image4.jpeg",{"_147":185,"_149":186,"_151":187,"_153":188,"_155":189},415,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ffbvxvlevz7hvhssqi6nji9i58spl","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ffbvxvlevz7hvhssqi6nji9i58spl?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ffbvxvlevz7hvhssqi6nji9i58spl?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ffbvxvlevz7hvhssqi6nji9i58spl?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Ffbvxvlevz7hvhssqi6nji9i58spl?variant=lqip",240,"FL_Amelia_Island_1770.jpg",{"_147":194,"_149":195,"_151":196,"_153":119,"_155":197},343,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/4e2g7gty4rxm7v1yaywlbv1j0ak4","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/4e2g7gty4rxm7v1yaywlbv1j0ak4?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/4e2g7gty4rxm7v1yaywlbv1j0ak4?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/4e2g7gty4rxm7v1yaywlbv1j0ak4?variant=lqip","new-tour-1716600354741","florida-connecticut-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to","florida-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to","florida-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-amelia-island-san-fernandina-beach","florida-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-amelia-island-fernandina-beac","florida-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-amelia-island-fernandina","florida-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-amelia-island-fernandina-beach","Map highlighting Amelia Island along the Atlantic Coast of East Florida, 1781.","Detail from “A map of East and West Florida, Georgia, and Louisiana : with the islands of Cuba, Bahama, and the countries surrounding the Gulf of Mexico, with the tract of the Spanish galleons, and of our fleets thro' the Straits of Florida, from the best authorities.” Map by J. Bew (1781). Courtesy of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C, https://lccn.loc.gov/79691140. Annotation added by the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project.","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/nseefwduzi5b6mydomtx9mibucbq?variant=desktop",{"_86":218,"_33":23,"_70":219},{"_86":216,"_33":180,"_70":217},{"_86":214,"_33":169,"_70":215},{"_86":212,"_33":158,"_70":213},76,"WALKING",75,"TRANSIT",74,"DRIVING",73,"BICYCLING",{"_86":233,"_84":23,"_116":206,"_129":130,"_131":-5,"_132":-5,"_133":234,"_135":235,"_33":236,"_138":127,"_140":141,"_142":-5,"_143":-5,"_144":145,"_70":205,"_146":-5},{"_86":222,"_84":180,"_116":223,"_129":130,"_131":-5,"_132":-5,"_133":224,"_135":225,"_33":226,"_138":127,"_140":141,"_142":-5,"_143":-5,"_144":145,"_70":227,"_146":-5},106,"Map by David Eltis and David Richardson. Courtesy of SlaveVoyages, https://www.slavevoyages.org/blog/volume-and-direction-trans-atlantic-slave-trade.\n“This map summarizes and combines the many different paths by which captives left Africa and reached the Americas. While there were strong connections between particular embarkation and disembarkation regions, it was also the case that captives from any of the major regions of Africa could disembark in almost any of the major regions of the Americas. Even captives leaving Southeast Africa, the region most remote from the Americas, could disembark in mainland North America, as well as the Caribbean and South America. The data in this map are based on estimates of the total slave trade rather than documented departures and arrivals.”","FL-STAUG-SlaveVoyages-human-trade-map.jpg",{"_147":228,"_149":229,"_151":230,"_153":231,"_155":232},67,"Volume and direction of the trans-Atlantic human trade from Africa to the 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