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The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals.

Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U.S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations.

This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.

\n\n

One of many arrival sites is St. Augustine, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies.

","flat_pages",[320],"id",3,"is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","satellite","media",[297,298],"meta_description","This tour uses geolocation data for St. Augustine, Florida, to show the port where ships arrived with captured Africans, as well as the sites of historical markers and remembrance ceremonies that commemorate this history.","mode",{"_33":290,"_72":291},"modes",[286,287,288,289],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-08-21","read_duration","2 minutes reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals. Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U. S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations. This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.\n\nOne of many arrival sites is St. Augustine, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies. ","splash",{"_72":283,"_120":284,"_122":285},"slug","slugs",[270,271,272,273,274,275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,16],"stop_count",2,"stops",[84,85],"tenant_title","Middle Passage Markers","title","Florida: Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to St. Augustine","travel_duration","8 minutes walking","theme",{"_33":82,"_72":83},"type","voice_overs",[],"use_directions",11,"emory",{"_86":220,"_87":23,"_88":-5,"_90":101,"_92":221,"_94":-5,"_29":222,"_96":-5,"_97":223,"_99":100,"_33":217,"_102":224,"_104":225,"_39":-5,"_43":226,"_45":98,"_107":25,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_52":36,"_59":227,"_63":218,"_64":228,"_61":229,"_72":219,"_78":115,"_116":-5,"_117":-5,"_79":230},{"_86":-5,"_87":67,"_88":89,"_90":91,"_92":93,"_94":-5,"_29":95,"_96":-5,"_97":98,"_99":100,"_33":101,"_102":103,"_104":105,"_39":-5,"_43":106,"_45":98,"_107":25,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_52":36,"_59":110,"_63":111,"_64":112,"_61":113,"_72":114,"_78":115,"_116":-5,"_117":-5,"_79":118},"next","position","previous",{"_33":217,"_63":218,"_72":219},"relation_id",14,"address","VMVQ+8V St. Augustine, FL, USA","article_link","

The North American conflict known as the French and Indian War, which\nbegan in 1754, was part of the Seven Years’ War between British and French\nimperial powers and their allies. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended this war and\nresulted in significant British territorial gains. Consequently, Britain\ncontrolled Florida for two decades, until the end of the Revolutionary War in\n1783. During this period, the British divided Florida into two colonies: East\nand West Florida. In East Florida, wealthy British investors who owned extensive agricultural plantations exploited enslaved people to produce indigo, citrus fruits, sugar, and naval supplies for export.

The temporary shift from Spanish to British control marked a notable change in Florida’s enslaved population. In 1763, Spanish Florida had approximately 420 people of African descent of which one-fifth were free Blacks. Enslaved people constituted about 13% of Spanish Florida's population. During the two decades of British control, Florida's documented enslaved population increased to 11,200 (65% of the total), comprising most of the residents in the colony. This population change resulted from British loyalists evacuating former colonies with their enslaved people, in addition to the trans-Atlantic human trade.

During this period, Africans arrived in St. Augustine aboard at least 8 documented vessels. Newspapers provide insight into these and other voyages, including:

the arrival of 70 captives aboard the Augustine-Packet in December 1767;
the arrival of another 150 Africans aboard the same vessel two years later, in 1769;
the weather conditions encountered by 120 captives from Bance (Bunce) Island aboard the Charlotte, before arriving in 1771; and
the drowning of approximately 80 Africans aboard the Dove, which sank along St. Augustine's coast in 1773.

As St. Augustine became a military outpost, the trans-Atlantic human trade moved north to Amelia Island. Subsequently, Georgia and South Carolina became major places for disembarkation.

Following the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Revolutionary War, Spain regained control of East and West Florida from Britain. Indigenous people and free Blacks controlled much of Florida's interior peninsula for several decades, until 1821 when Florida became part of the U.S. after the Seminole Wars. As cotton culture spread to middle Florida, enslavement in St. Augustine continued through the antebellum period.

Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the\nTrans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to St. Augustine. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive Google Map.

","direction_intro","direction_notes","","icon_color","#06ebef",7,"lat",29.893323566459266,"lng",-81.31034477710725,[175,176],"orphaned","parking_lat","parking_lng","The North American conflict known as the French and Indian War, which\nbegan in 1754, was part of the Seven Years’ War between British and French\nimperial powers and their allies. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended this war and\nresulted in significant British territorial gains. Consequently, Britain\ncontrolled Florida for two decades, until the end of the Revolutionary War in\n1783. During this period, the British divided Florida into two colonies: East\nand West Florida. In East Florida, wealthy British investors who owned extensive agricultural plantations exploited enslaved people to produce indigo, citrus fruits, sugar, and naval supplies for export. The temporary shift from Spanish to British control marked a notable change in Florida’s enslaved population. In 1763, Spanish Florida had approximately 420 people of African descent of which one-fifth were free Blacks. Enslaved people constituted about 13% of Spanish Florida's population. During the two decades of British control, Florida's documented enslaved population increased to 11,200 (65% of the total), comprising most of the residents in the colony. This population change resulted from British loyalists evacuating former colonies with their enslaved people, in addition to the trans-Atlantic human trade. During this period, Africans arrived in St. Augustine aboard at least 8 documented vessels. Newspapers provide insight into these and other voyages, including:the arrival of 70 captives aboard the Augustine-Packet in December 1767;the arrival of another 150 Africans aboard the same vessel two years later, in 1769;the weather conditions encountered by 120 captives from Bance (Bunce) Island aboard the Charlotte, before arriving in 1771; andthe drowning of approximately 80 Africans aboard the Dove, which sank along St. Augustine's coast in 1773.As St. Augustine became a military outpost, the trans-Atlantic human trade moved north to Amelia Island. Subsequently, Georgia and South Carolina became major places for disembarkation. Following the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Revolutionary War, Spain regained control of East and West Florida from Britain. Indigenous people and free Blacks controlled much of Florida's interior peninsula for several decades, until 1821 when Florida became part of the U. S. after the Seminole Wars. As cotton culture spread to middle Florida, enslavement in St. Augustine continued through the antebellum period. Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the\nTrans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to St. Augustine. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive Google Map.","port-of-st-augustine-and-plaza-de-la-constitucion-where-captive-africans-disembarked",[124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,140,141,141,142,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,157,158,158,159,159,160,160,161,161,162,162,163,163,164,164,165,165,166,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,111],{"_72":119,"_120":121,"_122":123},"Port of St. Augustine and Plaza de la Constitución, where captive Africans disembarked","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"Plan of the town of St. Augustine, Florida, 1764","caption","Detail of a map by John De Solís. 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St. Augustine is the oldest permanent\nEuropean/African/Native American settlement on the U.S mainland. In 1565, free\nand enslaved Africans who accompanied Pedro Menéndez de Avilés were part of the\nSpanish founding of St. Augustine. While King Philip had licensed\n(asiento) Menéndez to transport 500 captive Africans to the new colony of La\nFlorida, he only shipped 50-60 people. By 1602 there were 56 documented African people in the settlement. The Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project and the National\nPark Service provide additional information about the early African presence in\nFlorida.

In conjunction with St Augustine's 450th commemoration, an ancestral\nremembrance ceremony was held on February 7, 2015, at the Castillo de San Marcos, and a Middle Passage marker was unveiled at the Mission Nombre de Dios. The Historical Marker Database contains an inscription of this marker. Tradition purports that this is the actual location where Menéndez\narrived on the mainland with his expedition to establish the permanent Spanish settlement. The\nceremony included a Native American blessing, prayers for ancestors by\nrepresentatives of diverse faiths, and a traditional libation. Since then,\nremembrance ceremonies have been held at Fort Mose Historic State Park and the Plaza\nde la Constitución.

","

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",29.90368749135895,-81.3136089075485,[238,239,240],"St. Augustine is the oldest permanent\nEuropean/African/Native American settlement on the U. S mainland. In 1565, free\nand enslaved Africans who accompanied Pedro Menéndez de Avilés were part of the\nSpanish founding of St. Augustine. While King Philip had licensed\n(asiento) Menéndez to transport 500 captive Africans to the new colony of La\nFlorida, he only shipped 50-60 people. By 1602 there were 56 documented African people in the settlement. The Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project and the National\nPark Service provide additional information about the early African presence in\nFlorida. In conjunction with St Augustine's 450th commemoration, an ancestral\nremembrance ceremony was held on February 7, 2015, at the Castillo de San Marcos, and a Middle Passage marker was unveiled at the Mission Nombre de Dios. The Historical Marker Database contains an inscription of this marker. Tradition purports that this is the actual location where Menéndez\narrived on the mainland with his expedition to establish the permanent Spanish settlement. The\nceremony included a Native American blessing, prayers for ancestors by\nrepresentatives of diverse faiths, and a traditional libation. Since then,\nremembrance ceremonies have been held at Fort Mose Historic State Park and the Plaza\nde la Constitución.",[234,235,236,218,237],{"_72":231,"_120":232,"_122":233},[],"Students at newly-installed Middle Passage Marker at the Mission Nombre de Dios, 2015","In conjunction with St Augustine's 450th commemoration, an ancestral remembrance ceremony was held on February 7, 2015, at the Castillo de San Marcos, and the Middle Passage marker was unveiled at the Mission Nombre de Dios. The event included a Native American blessing, prayers for ancestors by representatives of diverse faiths, and a traditional libation. Since then, remembrance ceremonies have been held at Fort Mose Historic State Park and the Plaza de la Constitución.\n\nPhotograph courtesy of the Middle Passage Markers and Port Ceremonies Project.","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/3k9xn080kdwkbur424ch3sta4eho?variant=desktop","new-stop-1684723302517","middle-passage-historical-markers-at-the","middle-passage-historical-markers-at-the-middle-passage-marker-at-the-mission-nombre-de-dios","middle-passage-historical-marker-near-the-mission-nombre-de-dios",{"_90":263,"_87":23,"_120":232,"_179":209,"_181":-5,"_182":-5,"_183":264,"_185":265,"_33":82,"_188":189,"_190":191,"_192":264,"_193":-5,"_194":195,"_72":231,"_197":-5},{"_90":252,"_87":67,"_120":253,"_179":209,"_181":-5,"_182":-5,"_183":254,"_185":255,"_33":256,"_188":189,"_190":191,"_192":-5,"_193":-5,"_194":195,"_72":257,"_197":-5},{"_90":241,"_87":34,"_120":242,"_179":209,"_181":-5,"_182":-5,"_183":243,"_185":244,"_33":245,"_188":189,"_190":191,"_192":243,"_193":-5,"_194":195,"_72":246,"_197":-5},52,"Participants placed carnations representing the 54 nations of Africa in a basket during the ceremony. Carnations were later placed in water at Fort Mose to commemorate the lives of captive people who arrived at the port. \n\nPhotograph by William H. Hamilton, Jr. Courtesy of Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project.\n\n\n","16365693051.jpeg",{"_198":247,"_200":248,"_202":249,"_204":250,"_206":251},12,"Ancestral Remembrance Ceremony at the Plaza de la Constitución, St. Augustine, Florida, October 6, 2013 ","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/z1j6eicd3w4t30bf6izea0scqc0w","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/z1j6eicd3w4t30bf6izea0scqc0w?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/z1j6eicd3w4t30bf6izea0scqc0w?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/z1j6eicd3w4t30bf6izea0scqc0w?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/z1j6eicd3w4t30bf6izea0scqc0w?variant=lqip",64,"Initially, in 1565, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and those who accompanied him settled in Chief Seloy’s Timucuan village. Nine months later, they relocated the Spanish settlement to Anastasia Island and then, in 1572, they again moved across the bay to the location of the current city center. Prior to his raid of St. Augustine in 1586, English explorer and privateer Sir Francis Drake recorded the Spanish settlement. To the left (south) are agricultural fields, wooden houses, a watchtower, a town house, and a church and to the right (north) is a wooden fort. Map by Baptista Boazio, Walter Bigges, and Lieutenant Croftes (London: 1589). Courtesy of the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2007626708/. ","FL-STAUG-1589-Boazio-map-detail.jpg",{"_198":258,"_200":259,"_202":260,"_204":261,"_206":262},68,"Detail of the Spanish settlement at St. Augustine, 1586","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/qiusdsd1069b3zwrmlyc4cu20t4u","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/qiusdsd1069b3zwrmlyc4cu20t4u?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/qiusdsd1069b3zwrmlyc4cu20t4u?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/qiusdsd1069b3zwrmlyc4cu20t4u?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/qiusdsd1069b3zwrmlyc4cu20t4u?variant=lqip",51,"16365689809.jpeg",{"_198":266,"_200":267,"_202":268,"_204":233,"_206":269},"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/3k9xn080kdwkbur424ch3sta4eho","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/3k9xn080kdwkbur424ch3sta4eho?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/3k9xn080kdwkbur424ch3sta4eho?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/3k9xn080kdwkbur424ch3sta4eho?variant=lqip","new-tour-1684539358215","transatlantic-voyages-carrying-enslaved-africans","transatlantic-voyages-carrying-enslaved-africans-to-st-augustine","transatlantic-voyages-carrying-enslaved-africans-to-st-augustine-florida","sttransatlantic-voyages-carrying-enslaved-africans","st-augustine-florida-transatlantic-voyages-carrying-enslaved-africans","st-augustine-florida-transatlantic-voyages-of-enslaved-africans","st-augustine-florida-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-enslaved-africans","florida-transatlantic-voyages-of-enslaved-africans","florida-transatlantic-voyages-of-enslaved-africans-to-st-augustine","florida-ransatlantic-voyages-of-enslaved-africans-to-st-augustine","florida-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-enslaved-africans-to-st-augustine","florida-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-enslaved-africans-to-st-augustine-sample-1","The Harbour of St. Augustine, 1745","Detail from \"Les principales forteresses, ports &c. de l'Amérique septentrionale.\" Map published by Jean Covens & Corneille Mortier. Courtesy of the New York Public Library Digital Collections, Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47df-fca9-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/ia2bitenh6g8kdkwa80oz2c5b0eh?variant=desktop",{"_90":295,"_33":23,"_72":296},{"_90":293,"_33":67,"_72":294},{"_90":82,"_33":34,"_72":292},{"_90":245,"_33":290,"_72":291},4,"WALKING","TRANSIT",10,"DRIVING",9,"BICYCLING",{"_90":309,"_87":23,"_120":284,"_179":310,"_181":-5,"_182":-5,"_183":311,"_185":312,"_33":313,"_188":189,"_190":314,"_192":-5,"_193":-5,"_194":315,"_72":283,"_197":-5},{"_90":299,"_87":67,"_120":300,"_179":209,"_181":-5,"_182":-5,"_183":301,"_185":302,"_33":208,"_188":189,"_190":191,"_192":-5,"_193":-5,"_194":195,"_72":303,"_197":-5},79,"Map by David Eltis and David Richardson. Courtesy of SlaveVoyages, https://www.slavevoyages.org/blog/volume-and-direction-trans-atlantic-slave-trade.\n“This map summarizes and combines the many different paths by which captives left Africa and reached the Americas. While there were strong connections between particular embarkation and disembarkation regions, it was also the case that captives from any of the major regions of Africa could disembark in almost any of the major regions of the Americas. Even captives leaving Southeast Africa, the region most remote from the Americas, could disembark in mainland North America, as well as the Caribbean and South America. The data in this map are based on estimates of the total slave trade rather than documented departures and arrivals.”","FL-STAUG-SlaveVoyages-human-trade-map.jpg",{"_198":304,"_200":305,"_202":306,"_204":307,"_206":308},"Volume and direction of the trans-Atlantic human trade from Africa to the Americas","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/zv3iuox06li6hbqtihbmk8dmlk3z","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/zv3iuox06li6hbqtihbmk8dmlk3z?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/zv3iuox06li6hbqtihbmk8dmlk3z?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/zv3iuox06li6hbqtihbmk8dmlk3z?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/zv3iuox06li6hbqtihbmk8dmlk3z?variant=lqip",30,657,"1745 St. Augustine crop.jpg",{"_198":316,"_200":317,"_202":318,"_204":285,"_206":319},48,292,390,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/ia2bitenh6g8kdkwa80oz2c5b0eh","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/ia2bitenh6g8kdkwa80oz2c5b0eh?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/ia2bitenh6g8kdkwa80oz2c5b0eh?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/ia2bitenh6g8kdkwa80oz2c5b0eh?variant=lqip",{"_87":23,"_90":23,"_33":23,"_72":321,"_63":322,"_323":324,"_107":25,"_325":67},"About Middle Passage Markers","about-middle-passage-markers","body","

Insert info about the MPCPMP (mission/goals/link to website), as well as the collaborative effort.

Insert general/overview info about the voyages?

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