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The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals.

Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U.S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations.

This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.

\n\n

One of many arrival sites is Charles County, Maryland, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies.

","flat_pages",[],"id",62,"is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","hybrid","media",[278,279],"meta_description","The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals. Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U. S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations. This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.\n\nOne of many arrival sites is Charles County, Maryland, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies. ","mode",{"_33":270,"_71":271},"modes",[265,266,267,268],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-08-21","read_duration","3 minutes reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","splash",{"_71":262,"_120":263,"_122":264},"slug","slugs",[260,16,261],"stop_count",3,"stops",[83,84,85],"tenant_title","Middle Passage Markers","title","Maryland: Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Charles County","travel_duration","About 1 hour walking","theme",{"_33":81,"_71":82},"type","voice_overs",[],"use_directions",11,"emory",{"_86":229,"_87":23,"_88":-5,"_90":230,"_92":231,"_94":-5,"_29":232,"_96":-5,"_97":-5,"_98":99,"_33":226,"_101":233,"_103":234,"_39":-5,"_43":235,"_45":106,"_107":25,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_52":36,"_59":236,"_62":227,"_63":237,"_60":238,"_71":228,"_77":115,"_116":-5,"_117":-5,"_78":239},{"_86":186,"_87":162,"_88":187,"_90":188,"_92":189,"_94":-5,"_29":190,"_96":-5,"_97":-5,"_98":99,"_33":183,"_101":191,"_103":192,"_39":-5,"_43":193,"_45":106,"_107":25,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_52":36,"_59":194,"_62":184,"_63":195,"_60":196,"_71":185,"_77":115,"_116":-5,"_117":-5,"_78":197},{"_86":-5,"_87":66,"_88":89,"_90":91,"_92":93,"_94":-5,"_29":95,"_96":-5,"_97":-5,"_98":99,"_33":100,"_101":102,"_103":104,"_39":-5,"_43":105,"_45":106,"_107":25,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_52":36,"_59":110,"_62":111,"_63":112,"_60":113,"_71":114,"_77":115,"_116":-5,"_117":-5,"_78":118},"next","position","previous",{"_33":183,"_62":184,"_71":185},"relation_id",67,"address","FR3X+JQ Compton, MD, USA","article_link","A tobacco inspection location along the Potomac River in Charles County—Nanjemoy was an arrival site for 350 captives from the Gold Coast aboard the True Blue in 1759. Enslaved Africans worked in warehouses and on plantations to produce tobacco, as well as brandy, cider, butter, rye, wheat, corn, oats, cotton, and livestock.

State and federal laws abolished the trans-Atlantic human trade in 1774 and 1808, respectively. However, slavery and the domestic trade of Africans and their descendants remained legal in Maryland until the General Assembly abolished it in 1864.

Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Charles County. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive Google Map. After visiting Charles County, you may consider taking the Open Tour of London Town, the Open Tour of Calvert County, and the Open Tour of St. Mary's County.

","direction_intro","direction_notes","icon_color","#06ebef",59,"lat",38.454,"lng",-77.1506,[127,128,129],"","orphaned","parking_lat","parking_lng","A tobacco inspection location along the Potomac River in Charles County—Nanjemoy was an arrival site for 350 captives from the Gold Coast aboard the True Blue in 1759. Enslaved Africans worked in warehouses and on plantations to produce tobacco, as well as brandy, cider, butter, rye, wheat, corn, oats, cotton, and livestock. State and federal laws abolished the trans-Atlantic human trade in 1774 and 1808, respectively. However, slavery and the domestic trade of Africans and their descendants remained legal in Maryland until the General Assembly abolished it in 1864. Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Charles County. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive Google Map. After visiting Charles County, you may consider taking the Open Tour of London Town, the Open Tour of Calvert County, and the Open Tour of St. Mary's County.","nanjemoy-where-captive-africans-disembarked",[124,125,126,111],{"_71":119,"_120":121,"_122":123},"Nanjemoy, Where Captive Africans Disembarked","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"Painting of True Blue by Donald Zimmer","caption","Copyright Donald Zimmer, http://livingourcall.org/.","url","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/zcifjdg5zogxwb9sqwrmz206984a?variant=desktop","new-stop-1725313676726","where-captive-africans-disembarked","nanemoy-where-captive-africans-disembarked",{"_90":173,"_87":23,"_120":121,"_132":174,"_134":-5,"_135":-5,"_136":175,"_138":176,"_33":177,"_141":66,"_143":178,"_145":-5,"_146":-5,"_147":174,"_71":119,"_150":-5},{"_90":161,"_87":162,"_120":163,"_132":133,"_134":-5,"_135":-5,"_136":164,"_138":165,"_33":166,"_141":142,"_143":144,"_145":-5,"_146":-5,"_147":148,"_71":167,"_150":-5},{"_90":130,"_87":66,"_120":131,"_132":133,"_134":-5,"_135":-5,"_136":137,"_138":139,"_33":140,"_141":142,"_143":144,"_145":-5,"_146":-5,"_147":148,"_71":149,"_150":-5},203,"Detail from \"Map of the State of Maryland,\" 1795. Map by Dennis Griffith, James Thackara, and J. Vallance (Philadelphia: J. Vallance, 1795). Courtesy of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3840.ct000307/?r=0.442,0.225,0.327,0.179,0. Annotations added by the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project, 2024.","desktop_width",750,"embed","embed_id","filename","MD_Charles_Co_Map.jpg","files",{"_151":152,"_153":154,"_155":156,"_157":158,"_159":160},287,"lqip_width",5,"mobile_width",300,"original_image","provider","tablet_width",400,"Arrival Locations in Charles County, Maryland","video","original","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/0e991xing84ao3tvg9en7e3cctn3","mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/0e991xing84ao3tvg9en7e3cctn3?variant=mobile","tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/0e991xing84ao3tvg9en7e3cctn3?variant=tablet","desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/0e991xing84ao3tvg9en7e3cctn3?variant=desktop","lqip","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/0e991xing84ao3tvg9en7e3cctn3?variant=lqip",205,2,"Courtesy of Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/image/41035962/.","MD_Charles_Co_Newspaper_Clipping_Maryland_Gazette_1759_08_15.jpg",{"_151":168,"_153":169,"_155":170,"_157":171,"_159":172},289,"Announcement in the Maryland Gazette, Aug. 15, 1759","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/gw4qc6enq7kvgd5wcki5759bod15","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/gw4qc6enq7kvgd5wcki5759bod15?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/gw4qc6enq7kvgd5wcki5759bod15?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/gw4qc6enq7kvgd5wcki5759bod15?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/gw4qc6enq7kvgd5wcki5759bod15?variant=lqip",207,193,"MD_Charles_Co_Painting_True Blue_Zimmer.jpg",{"_151":179,"_153":180,"_155":181,"_157":123,"_159":182},293,158,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/zcifjdg5zogxwb9sqwrmz206984a","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/zcifjdg5zogxwb9sqwrmz206984a?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/zcifjdg5zogxwb9sqwrmz206984a?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/zcifjdg5zogxwb9sqwrmz206984a?variant=lqip",58,"lower-cedar-point-where-captive-africans-disembarked","Lower Cedar Point, Where Captive Africans Disembarked",{"_33":100,"_62":111,"_71":114},{"_33":226,"_62":227,"_71":228},66,"82VG+6C Morgantown, MD, USA","

Lower Cedar Point is situated on the north bank of the Potomac River in southern Charles County. In 1759, the Venus transported Africans from Gambia to sell at a nearby naval office. About a decade later, in 1770, Africans disembarked from the Providence at Lower Cedar Point. Because Virginia tariffs exceeded those of Maryland, buyers from Virgina often ferried across the river to attend public sales in Maryland. This enabled them to purchase Africans at lower costs, commencing a domestic trade of Africans and their descendants in the Chesapeake region.

",38.343105794834756,-76.97398041534422,[202,203,204],"Lower Cedar Point is situated on the north bank of the Potomac River in southern Charles County. In 1759, the Venus transported Africans from Gambia to sell at a nearby naval office. About a decade later, in 1770, Africans disembarked from the Providence at Lower Cedar Point. Because Virginia tariffs exceeded those of Maryland, buyers from Virgina often ferried across the river to attend public sales in Maryland. This enabled them to purchase Africans at lower costs, commencing a domestic trade of Africans and their descendants in the Chesapeake region.",[200,201,184],{"_71":198,"_120":121,"_122":199},[],"Painting of True Blue and Venus by Donald Zimmer","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/on7xbe4p860yeyaj045eaevwgg1k?variant=desktop","new-stop-1725313356807","port-of-london-town-where-captive-africans-disembarked",{"_90":218,"_87":23,"_120":121,"_132":133,"_134":-5,"_135":-5,"_136":219,"_138":220,"_33":221,"_141":142,"_143":144,"_145":-5,"_146":-5,"_147":148,"_71":198,"_150":-5},{"_90":207,"_87":162,"_120":208,"_132":133,"_134":-5,"_135":-5,"_136":209,"_138":210,"_33":211,"_141":142,"_143":144,"_145":-5,"_146":-5,"_147":148,"_71":212,"_150":-5},{"_90":205,"_87":66,"_120":131,"_132":133,"_134":-5,"_135":-5,"_136":137,"_138":206,"_33":140,"_141":142,"_143":144,"_145":-5,"_146":-5,"_147":148,"_71":149,"_150":-5},202,{"_151":152,"_153":154,"_155":156,"_157":158,"_159":160},214,"Courtesy of Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/image/41035962/. ","MD_Charles_Co_Newspaper_Maryland_Gazette_1759_08_16_Page_2.jpg",{"_151":213,"_153":214,"_155":215,"_157":216,"_159":217},303,"Announcement in the Maryland Gazette, Aug. 16, 1759","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/di0ykx1a0gv8uwl85hwhgq1otdgc","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/di0ykx1a0gv8uwl85hwhgq1otdgc?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/di0ykx1a0gv8uwl85hwhgq1otdgc?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/di0ykx1a0gv8uwl85hwhgq1otdgc?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/di0ykx1a0gv8uwl85hwhgq1otdgc?variant=lqip",234,"MD_Charles_Co_Painting_True_Blue_and_Venus_Venus_Zimmer.jpg",{"_151":222,"_153":223,"_155":224,"_157":199,"_159":225},327,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/on7xbe4p860yeyaj045eaevwgg1k","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/on7xbe4p860yeyaj045eaevwgg1k?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/on7xbe4p860yeyaj045eaevwgg1k?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/on7xbe4p860yeyaj045eaevwgg1k?variant=lqip",57,"port-tobacco-an-arrival-location-in-charles-county","Port Tobacco, An Arrival Location in Charles County",{"_33":183,"_62":184,"_71":185},65,"8430 Chapel Point Rd, Port Tobacco, MD 20677, USA","

In 1632, George Calvert’s son, Cecilius, received a royal charter for Maryland—encompassing the ancestral lands of numerous Indigenous tribes. Two years later, English colonization commenced with the founding of St. Mary’s City along the southern end of the peninsula on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay. Soon, planters began transporting enslaved people in limited numbers to St. Mary’s, predominantly from the Caribbean. From the 1640s onward, settlements spread around the rivers, waterways and tributaries, including the Patuxent and Potomac. The expansion of agriculture based primarily on tobacco in the Chesapeake region enabled the development of Maryland’s towns and commerce.

Increasing tobacco production required labor. Initially, Maryland's work force consisted largely of indentured servants—mostly English, Irish, and a small percentage of Africans. In the late 1600s, as political changes in Europe reduced the supply of these workers, the province's demographics shifted prompting merchants to import larger numbers of Africans to ensure planters, farmers, and other residents with a permanent labor force.

As early as 1662, vessels began transporting captives to Maryland directly from Africa. Additionally, many captives disembarked in the Caribbean and were then shipped to the colony. In 1664, legislation codified the enslavement of Africans and their American-born descendants. Over the next 30 years, the General Assembly passed strict laws called “slave codes,” formally stripping enslaved people of their rights.

Human trafficking from Africa to Maryland increased significantly in the 1690s and persisted until the last documented arrival in 1773. Approximately 100,000 Africans—including Angolans, Igbos, and Mandes—disembarked along Maryland’s coast. Enslaved peoples’ skills were essential to the success of the colony’s economy and growth. While many Africans were brought to Maryland to produce tobacco, they also raised other crops (wheat, hemp, corn) and livestock (hogs, cattle, sheep). Additionally, they engaged in sawmilling, shipbuilding, and other enterprises and worked as blacksmiths, watermen, domestic servants, farmers, stevedores, brick masons, shipbuilders, carpenters, musicians, seamstresses, and tailors.

The African presence in Maryland increased as the colony and the larger Chesapeake region, including Virginia, shifted to a plantation society centered on tobacco production and trade. In Charles County, these disembarkation sites include Port Tobacco, Nanjemoy, and Lower Cedar Point along the Potomac River.

The Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project, the National Park Service, and the Maryland State Archives contain more information about the early African presence in Maryland.

Port Tobacco

Port Tobacco, was a seaport and administrative center of Charles County. In 1770, the Providence arrived at Port Tobacco from Gambia. Although the voyage began with 162 captives on board, only 132 disembarked. Merchants John Barnes and Thomas Howe Ridgate sold Africans directly from the vessel and at their stores in Nanjemoy and Lower Cedar Point. \n

",38.511209400478975,-77.01995952778626,[244,245],"In 1632, George Calvert’s son, Cecilius, received a royal charter for Maryland—encompassing the ancestral lands of numerous Indigenous tribes. Two years later, English colonization commenced with the founding of St. Mary’s City along the southern end of the peninsula on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay. Soon, planters began transporting enslaved people in limited numbers to St. Mary’s, predominantly from the Caribbean. From the 1640s onward, settlements spread around the rivers, waterways and tributaries, including the Patuxent and Potomac. The expansion of agriculture based primarily on tobacco in the Chesapeake region enabled the development of Maryland’s towns and commerce. Increasing tobacco production required labor. Initially, Maryland's work force consisted largely of indentured servants—mostly English, Irish, and a small percentage of Africans. In the late 1600s, as political changes in Europe reduced the supply of these workers, the province's demographics shifted prompting merchants to import larger numbers of Africans to ensure planters, farmers, and other residents with a permanent labor force. As early as 1662, vessels began transporting captives to Maryland directly from Africa. Additionally, many captives disembarked in the Caribbean and were then shipped to the colony. In 1664, legislation codified the enslavement of Africans and their American-born descendants. Over the next 30 years, the General Assembly passed strict laws called “slave codes,” formally stripping enslaved people of their rights. Human trafficking from Africa to Maryland increased significantly in the 1690s and persisted until the last documented arrival in 1773. Approximately 100,000 Africans—including Angolans, Igbos, and Mandes—disembarked along Maryland’s coast. Enslaved peoples’ skills were essential to the success of the colony’s economy and growth. While many Africans were brought to Maryland to produce tobacco, they also raised other crops (wheat, hemp, corn) and livestock (hogs, cattle, sheep). Additionally, they engaged in sawmilling, shipbuilding, and other enterprises and worked as blacksmiths, watermen, domestic servants, farmers, stevedores, brick masons, shipbuilders, carpenters, musicians, seamstresses, and tailors. The African presence in Maryland increased as the colony and the larger Chesapeake region, including Virginia, shifted to a plantation society centered on tobacco production and trade. In Charles County, these disembarkation sites include Port Tobacco, Nanjemoy, and Lower Cedar Point along the Potomac River. The Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project, the National Park Service, and the Maryland State Archives contain more information about the early African presence in Maryland. Port TobaccoPort Tobacco, was a seaport and administrative center of Charles County. In 1770, the Providence arrived at Port Tobacco from Gambia. Although the voyage began with 162 captives on board, only 132 disembarked. Merchants John Barnes and Thomas Howe Ridgate sold Africans directly from the vessel and at their stores in Nanjemoy and Lower Cedar Point. \n",[240,241,242,243,227],{"_71":149,"_120":131,"_122":158},[],"new-stop-1725312405456","port-tobacco-wh","port-tobacco-where","port-tobacco-where-captive-africans-disembarked",{"_90":257,"_87":258,"_120":131,"_132":133,"_134":-5,"_135":-5,"_136":137,"_138":259,"_33":140,"_141":142,"_143":144,"_145":-5,"_146":-5,"_147":148,"_71":149,"_150":-5},{"_90":246,"_87":23,"_120":247,"_132":133,"_134":-5,"_135":-5,"_136":248,"_138":249,"_33":250,"_141":142,"_143":144,"_145":-5,"_146":-5,"_147":148,"_71":251,"_150":-5},204,"Courtesy of Newspapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/image/590954986/.","MD_Charles_Co_Newspaper_Clipping_Maryland_Gazette_1770_07_19_3.jpg",{"_151":252,"_153":253,"_155":254,"_157":255,"_159":256},288,"Announcement in the Maryland Gazette, July 19, 1770","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/j1iqdy5fihjczfi4jth61vau0auh","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/j1iqdy5fihjczfi4jth61vau0auh?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/j1iqdy5fihjczfi4jth61vau0auh?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/j1iqdy5fihjczfi4jth61vau0auh?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/j1iqdy5fihjczfi4jth61vau0auh?variant=lqip",201,0,{"_151":152,"_153":154,"_155":156,"_157":158,"_159":160},"new-tour-1725311505062","maryland-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-charles-county-por","Map of Maryland showing Charles County, 1824","Map by Thomas G. Bradford (Boston: Wiley and Putnam). Courtesy of the David Rumsey Historical Map Collection, https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~2333~220023:Maryland-?sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no. Annotations added by the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project, 2024.","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/xucim7kj7lpdm71fy9ullhasoo38?variant=desktop",{"_90":276,"_33":23,"_71":277},{"_90":274,"_33":162,"_71":275},{"_90":272,"_33":66,"_71":273},{"_90":269,"_33":270,"_71":271},248,4,"WALKING",247,"TRANSIT",246,"DRIVING",245,"BICYCLING",{"_90":290,"_87":23,"_120":263,"_132":133,"_134":-5,"_135":-5,"_136":291,"_138":292,"_33":293,"_141":142,"_143":144,"_145":-5,"_146":-5,"_147":148,"_71":262,"_150":-5},{"_90":280,"_87":162,"_120":281,"_132":133,"_134":-5,"_135":-5,"_136":282,"_138":283,"_33":91,"_141":142,"_143":144,"_145":-5,"_146":-5,"_147":148,"_71":284,"_150":-5},170,"Map by David Eltis and David Richardson. Courtesy of SlaveVoyages, https://www.slavevoyages.org/blog/volume-and-direction-trans-atlantic-slave-trade.\n“This map summarizes and combines the many different paths by which captives left Africa and reached the Americas. While there were strong connections between particular embarkation and disembarkation regions, it was also the case that captives from any of the major regions of Africa could disembark in almost any of the major regions of the Americas. Even captives leaving Southeast Africa, the region most remote from the Americas, could disembark in mainland North America, as well as the Caribbean and South America. The data in this map are based on estimates of the total slave trade rather than documented departures and arrivals.”","FL-STAUG-SlaveVoyages-human-trade-map.jpg",{"_151":285,"_153":286,"_155":287,"_157":288,"_159":289},"Volume and direction of the trans-Atlantic human trade from Africa to the 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Royal","south-carolina-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-beaufort-port-royal",{"_101":571,"_103":572},32.4315813,-80.6698286,"Texas: Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to the Sabine Lake and River Region (Port Arthur)","texas-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-the-sabine-lake-and-river-region-port-arthur",{"_101":576,"_103":577},29.876652494513678,-93.92694365069578,"Alabama: Trans-Atlantic Voyage of Captive Africans to the Mobile River (Africatown)","alabama-trans-atlantic-voyage-of-captive-africans-to-the-mobile-river-africatown",{"_101":581,"_103":582},30.7323666667,-88.0570666667,"Georgia: Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Sapelo Sound (Darien)","georgia-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-sapelo-sound-darien",{"_101":586,"_103":587},31.3682605,-81.4351305,"Florida: Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to 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