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The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from the SlaveVoyages database and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals.

Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U.S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations.

This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.

One of many arrival sites is Bath, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies.

","flat_pages",[],"id",32,"is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","hybrid","media",[199,200],"meta_description","The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from the SlaveVoyages database and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals. Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U. S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations. This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.One of many arrival sites is Bath, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies. ","mode",{"_33":190,"_71":191},"modes",[185,186,187,188],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-07-24","read_duration","5 minutes reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","splash",{"_71":106,"_119":183,"_121":184},"slug","slugs",[178,16,179,180,181,182],"stop_count",2,"stops",[83,84],"tenant_title","Middle Passage Markers","title","North Carolina: Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Bath","travel_duration"," walking","theme",{"_33":81,"_71":82},"type","voice_overs",[],"use_directions",11,"emory",{"_85":155,"_86":23,"_87":-5,"_89":156,"_91":92,"_93":-5,"_29":157,"_95":-5,"_96":-5,"_98":99,"_33":152,"_101":102,"_103":104,"_39":-5,"_43":158,"_45":106,"_107":25,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_52":36,"_59":159,"_62":153,"_63":160,"_60":161,"_71":154,"_77":115,"_116":-5,"_117":-5,"_78":162},{"_85":-5,"_86":66,"_87":88,"_89":90,"_91":92,"_93":-5,"_29":94,"_95":-5,"_96":97,"_98":99,"_33":100,"_101":102,"_103":104,"_39":-5,"_43":105,"_45":106,"_107":25,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_52":36,"_59":110,"_62":111,"_63":112,"_60":113,"_71":114,"_77":115,"_116":-5,"_117":-5,"_78":118},"next","position","previous",{"_33":152,"_62":153,"_71":154},"relation_id",120,"address","218 King St, Bath, NC 27808, USA","article_link","

Established by English surveyor John Lawson in 1704, Bath became the first incorporated town in the Province of North Carolina. Located on a tributary of the Pamlico River, Bath offered a natural port that was officially designated in 1715. By the mid-1700s, an average of thirty ships arrived each year. Shallow waters, sandbars, and shifting inlets often blocked larger vessels from reaching the protected coastal waterways, so cargo was offloaded at Ocracoke Inlet and transferred to smaller boats that could navigate the channels to Bath. The port quickly became a center of maritime commerce, facilitating the exchange of goods such as rum, sugar, and lumber, and may also have served as an entry point for Africans, who were integral to local labor systems.

For primary and secondary sources on Bath and the broader history of the trans-Atlantic human trade in North Carolina, see the accompanying annotated bibliography. \n

Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Bath. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive Google Map. After visiting Bath, you may consider taking the Open Tour of Edenton or the Open Tour of New Bern.

","direction_intro","direction_notes","

","icon_color","#06ebef",92,"lat",35.471924,"lng",-76.81223299999999,[123],"","orphaned","parking_lat","parking_lng","Established by English surveyor John Lawson in 1704, Bath became the first incorporated town in the Province of North Carolina. Located on a tributary of the Pamlico River, Bath offered a natural port that was officially designated in 1715. By the mid-1700s, an average of thirty ships arrived each year. Shallow waters, sandbars, and shifting inlets often blocked larger vessels from reaching the protected coastal waterways, so cargo was offloaded at Ocracoke Inlet and transferred to smaller boats that could navigate the channels to Bath. The port quickly became a center of maritime commerce, facilitating the exchange of goods such as rum, sugar, and lumber, and may also have served as an entry point for Africans, who were integral to local labor systems. For primary and secondary sources on Bath and the broader history of the trans-Atlantic human trade in North Carolina, see the accompanying annotated bibliography. \nThank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Bath. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive Google Map. After visiting Bath, you may consider taking the Open Tour of Edenton or the Open Tour of New Bern.","bath-an-arrival-location-for-captive-africans",[111],{"_71":106,"_119":120,"_121":122},"Bath, An Arrival Location for Captive Africans","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"caption","Plan of the Town and Port of Bath in Beaufort County, North Carolina, 1769. Map by Claude Joseph Sauthier. Courtesy of the Norman B. Leventhal Map & Education Center, Boston Public Library Digital Collections, https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:hx11z427p.","url","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/gavw8opentam4engup3oz0xlczhz?variant=desktop",{"_89":124,"_86":23,"_119":120,"_125":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_129":130,"_131":132,"_33":133,"_134":135,"_136":137,"_138":-5,"_139":-5,"_140":141,"_71":106,"_142":-5},297,"desktop_width",750,"embed","embed_id","filename","NC_Bath_1769_Town_Port_Map_Adj.jpg","files",{"_143":144,"_145":146,"_147":148,"_149":122,"_150":151},357,"lqip_width",5,"mobile_width",300,"original_image","provider","tablet_width",400,"video","original","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/gavw8opentam4engup3oz0xlczhz","mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/gavw8opentam4engup3oz0xlczhz?variant=mobile","tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/gavw8opentam4engup3oz0xlczhz?variant=tablet","desktop","lqip","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/gavw8opentam4engup3oz0xlczhz?variant=lqip",87,"coastal-north-carolina-where-captive-africans-disembarked","Coastal North Carolina, Where Captive Africans Disembarked",{"_33":100,"_62":111,"_71":114},108,"

North Carolina’s coast encompasses a narrow chain of barrier islands known as the Outer Banks, whose shifting shores and adjoining coastal plain form the Tidewater region. From Albemarle Sound in the north to the Cape Fear River in the south, the coastal landscape shaped life along the shore. The region both enabled and limited maritime trade, shaping the arrival, sale, and inland movement of captive Africans.

Indigenous peoples—including the Roanoke, Hatteras, Neusiok, and Coree, as well as the powerful Tuscarora nation—lived along these waterways. European colonization disrupted their societies through violence, dispossession, and enslavement. In 1526, captive Africans arrived in the Cape Fear region along the southern Atlantic coast as part of Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón's expedition. The expedition later attempted to establish the settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape farther south, probably in what is now Georgia or the Carolinas. English imperial ambitions followed in 1584, when Sir Walter Raleigh sponsored the ill-fated Roanoke colony near Albemarle Sound. These early ventures shaped the development of the Carolina colony, which originally encompassed both modern North and South Carolina and tied land distribution directly to coerced migration and unfree labor.

Settlement gradually expanded southward into eastern North Carolina’s fertile river valleys. Along the Tar, Neuse, and Pamlico Rivers, towns such as Edenton, Bath, New Bern, and Beaufort emerged as centers of trade, governance, and exchange. Colonial expansion intensified conflict with Indigenous nations, culminating in the Tuscarora War (1711–1715), which resulted in the death, displacement, and enslavement of many Tuscarora and allied peoples. The war also contributed to administrative changes, including the formal division of the Province of Carolina into North and South Carolina in 1712. Following these upheavals, Indigenous populations in the lower Cape Fear region greatly decreased, and European settlers increasingly relied on African labor for plantations. In the decades that followed, migrants from the Albemarle and Pamlico regions, as well as from other colonies, established plantations along the Cape Fear. Settlers adapted rice and indigo cultivation techniques from South Carolina, while towns such as Brunswick, Smithville, and Wilmington developed along the lower Cape Fear River.

Waterways and overland routes connecting North Carolina’s coastal regions were vital arteries of exchange. These networks carried cash crops such as tobacco and naval supplies (tar, pitch, turpentine, pine oil, and rosin) to Atlantic markets while bringing enslaved laborers and consumer goods into the colony. As maritime commerce expanded, slavery became an integral part of the economy, with Africans and their descendants performing the labor that sustained export production. The enslaved population grew from approximately 800 people in 1712 to about 6,000 by 1730. Coerced and mandated labor was also crucial to infrastructure development. For example, a 1739 law required enslaved males over the age of twelve, along with free males over sixteen, to work on public roads, connecting ports to inland settlements.

During the mid-1700s, settlement extended into the interior. While many backcountry farmers cultivated subsistence crops and tobacco on smaller holdings, slavery remained embedded in the colony’s social and economic fabric. Along the lower coastal plain, plantation agriculture intensified. By 1767, North Carolina’s enslaved population had grown to approximately 37,000. This significant increase occurred through multiple channels. Many captive Africans first disembarked in ports in South Carolina or Virginia before being sold into North Carolina. Others were purchased and brought to North Carolina from other colonies. Over time, the enslaved population also grew through natural increase—the birth of children to enslaved parents. Although less common, some captive Africans were transported directly from Africa to North Carolina ports.

Unlike other British colonies such as Barbados and Virginia, North Carolina lacked consistent direct trans-Atlantic trafficking of captive Africans and well-established commercial networks. As a result, planters relied on intermediaries and secondary markets. Merchants like Thomas Riche transported newly arrived Africans from northern ports such as Philadelphia to towns including New Bern and occasionally Cape Fear. At the same time, weak colonial supervision created opportunities for illicit traders. Figures such as Edward Teach (Blackbeard) sold captive Africans through lightly regulated ports, while officials including Governor Charles Eden sometimes issued pardons that linked colonial authority to private profit. These informal and illicit trades, including the rerouting of Africans from pirate raids and shipments between colonies, allowed planters to obtain enslaved laborers outside regular trade networks. Captives were often sold “secondhand” or considered undesirable, with market strategies such as pairing males and females or disguising age or infirmity to maximize value. Together, these practices facilitated North Carolina’s integration into the Atlantic economy.

While North Carolina never received the large volume of direct shipments from Africa and the Caribbean seen in South Carolina or Virginia, such arrivals did occur on a relatively smaller scale. Between 1717 and 1790, at least 155 vessels transported nearly 1,300 enslaved people to the colony, typically in small groups ranging from a single individual to about seventy per ship. Direct shipments from Africa were fewer but often carried larger numbers. From 1755 to 1787, more than a thousand captives arrived on 11 documented vessels at North Carolina ports, coming from various parts of West Africa, including the Windward Coast (modern Ivory Coast and western Ghana), Sierra Leone, Saint-Louis (Senegal), Gambia, and Cape Mount (Liberia). These records likely understate the true scale of arrivals: small-scale river landings, lesser-known inlets, and informal or illicit channels brought captives not recorded in major port records, highlighting the dispersed nature of African arrivals. Vessels carried more captives than ultimately arrived, reflecting deaths at sea and/or disembarkations elsewhere.

These arrivals occurred at several ports along the coast, which North Carolina authorities divided into customs districts. These districts often encompassed broader river systems and nearby settlements rather than a single town or port.

Port Currituck (Currituck Sound region)
Port Roanoke (Albemarle Sound region - Edenton)
Port Bath (Pamlico River region - Bath)
Port Beaufort (Neuse River region - Beaufort and New Bern)
Port Brunswick (Cape Fear Region - Brunswick, and later Wilmington)

Through these districts, captive Africans arrived at Bath, Edenton, New Bern, Portsmouth Island, Beaufort, Brunswick, and Wilmington. After the British burned Brunswick in 1776 during the Revolutionary War, Wilmington emerged as North Carolina’s principal customs center.

Economic instability, revolutionary upheaval, and fears of insurrection shaped legislation in the late 1700s. The General Assembly passed laws in 1786 and 1794 prohibiting the importation of people from Africa into North Carolina, though these measures were inconsistently enforced and periodically repealed. This legislative uncertainty reflected broader tensions within a slaveholding society grappling with dependence on forced labor and anxieties about its consequences. The trafficking of Africans across the Atlantic formally ended under federal law in 1808, but the internal trade in enslaved people continued to bind North Carolina to the broader U.S. economy.\n

",[167],"North Carolina’s coast encompasses a narrow chain of barrier islands known as the Outer Banks, whose shifting shores and adjoining coastal plain form the Tidewater region. From Albemarle Sound in the north to the Cape Fear River in the south, the coastal landscape shaped life along the shore. The region both enabled and limited maritime trade, shaping the arrival, sale, and inland movement of captive Africans. Indigenous peoples—including the Roanoke, Hatteras, Neusiok, and Coree, as well as the powerful Tuscarora nation—lived along these waterways. European colonization disrupted their societies through violence, dispossession, and enslavement. In 1526, captive Africans arrived in the Cape Fear region along the southern Atlantic coast as part of Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón's expedition. The expedition later attempted to establish the settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape farther south, probably in what is now Georgia or the Carolinas. English imperial ambitions followed in 1584, when Sir Walter Raleigh sponsored the ill-fated Roanoke colony near Albemarle Sound. These early ventures shaped the development of the Carolina colony, which originally encompassed both modern North and South Carolina and tied land distribution directly to coerced migration and unfree labor. Settlement gradually expanded southward into eastern North Carolina’s fertile river valleys. Along the Tar, Neuse, and Pamlico Rivers, towns such as Edenton, Bath, New Bern, and Beaufort emerged as centers of trade, governance, and exchange. Colonial expansion intensified conflict with Indigenous nations, culminating in the Tuscarora War (1711–1715), which resulted in the death, displacement, and enslavement of many Tuscarora and allied peoples. The war also contributed to administrative changes, including the formal division of the Province of Carolina into North and South Carolina in 1712. Following these upheavals, Indigenous populations in the lower Cape Fear region greatly decreased, and European settlers increasingly relied on African labor for plantations. In the decades that followed, migrants from the Albemarle and Pamlico regions, as well as from other colonies, established plantations along the Cape Fear. Settlers adapted rice and indigo cultivation techniques from South Carolina, while towns such as Brunswick, Smithville, and Wilmington developed along the lower Cape Fear River. Waterways and overland routes connecting North Carolina’s coastal regions were vital arteries of exchange. These networks carried cash crops such as tobacco and naval supplies (tar, pitch, turpentine, pine oil, and rosin) to Atlantic markets while bringing enslaved laborers and consumer goods into the colony. As maritime commerce expanded, slavery became an integral part of the economy, with Africans and their descendants performing the labor that sustained export production. The enslaved population grew from approximately 800 people in 1712 to about 6,000 by 1730. Coerced and mandated labor was also crucial to infrastructure development. For example, a 1739 law required enslaved males over the age of twelve, along with free males over sixteen, to work on public roads, connecting ports to inland settlements. During the mid-1700s, settlement extended into the interior. While many backcountry farmers cultivated subsistence crops and tobacco on smaller holdings, slavery remained embedded in the colony’s social and economic fabric. Along the lower coastal plain, plantation agriculture intensified. By 1767, North Carolina’s enslaved population had grown to approximately 37,000. This significant increase occurred through multiple channels. Many captive Africans first disembarked in ports in South Carolina or Virginia before being sold into North Carolina. Others were purchased and brought to North Carolina from other colonies. Over time, the enslaved population also grew through natural increase—the birth of children to enslaved parents. Although less common, some captive Africans were transported directly from Africa to North Carolina ports. Unlike other British colonies such as Barbados and Virginia, North Carolina lacked consistent direct trans-Atlantic trafficking of captive Africans and well-established commercial networks. As a result, planters relied on intermediaries and secondary markets. Merchants like Thomas Riche transported newly arrived Africans from northern ports such as Philadelphia to towns including New Bern and occasionally Cape Fear. At the same time, weak colonial supervision created opportunities for illicit traders. Figures such as Edward Teach (Blackbeard) sold captive Africans through lightly regulated ports, while officials including Governor Charles Eden sometimes issued pardons that linked colonial authority to private profit. These informal and illicit trades, including the rerouting of Africans from pirate raids and shipments between colonies, allowed planters to obtain enslaved laborers outside regular trade networks. Captives were often sold “secondhand” or considered undesirable, with market strategies such as pairing males and females or disguising age or infirmity to maximize value. Together, these practices facilitated North Carolina’s integration into the Atlantic economy. While North Carolina never received the large volume of direct shipments from Africa and the Caribbean seen in South Carolina or Virginia, such arrivals did occur on a relatively smaller scale. Between 1717 and 1790, at least 155 vessels transported nearly 1,300 enslaved people to the colony, typically in small groups ranging from a single individual to about seventy per ship. Direct shipments from Africa were fewer but often carried larger numbers. From 1755 to 1787, more than a thousand captives arrived on 11 documented vessels at North Carolina ports, coming from various parts of West Africa, including the Windward Coast (modern Ivory Coast and western Ghana), Sierra Leone, Saint-Louis (Senegal), Gambia, and Cape Mount (Liberia). These records likely understate the true scale of arrivals: small-scale river landings, lesser-known inlets, and informal or illicit channels brought captives not recorded in major port records, highlighting the dispersed nature of African arrivals. Vessels carried more captives than ultimately arrived, reflecting deaths at sea and/or disembarkations elsewhere. These arrivals occurred at several ports along the coast, which North Carolina authorities divided into customs districts. These districts often encompassed broader river systems and nearby settlements rather than a single town or port. Port Currituck (Currituck Sound region) Port Roanoke (Albemarle Sound region - Edenton) Port Bath (Pamlico River region - Bath) Port Beaufort (Neuse River region - Beaufort and New Bern) Port Brunswick (Cape Fear Region - Brunswick, and later Wilmington) Through these districts, captive Africans arrived at Bath, Edenton, New Bern, Portsmouth Island, Beaufort, Brunswick, and Wilmington. After the British burned Brunswick in 1776 during the Revolutionary War, Wilmington emerged as North Carolina’s principal customs center. Economic instability, revolutionary upheaval, and fears of insurrection shaped legislation in the late 1700s. The General Assembly passed laws in 1786 and 1794 prohibiting the importation of people from Africa into North Carolina, though these measures were inconsistently enforced and periodically repealed. This legislative uncertainty reflected broader tensions within a slaveholding society grappling with dependence on forced labor and anxieties about its consequences. The trafficking of Africans across the Atlantic formally ended under federal law in 1808, but the internal trade in enslaved people continued to bind North Carolina to the broader U. S. economy.\n",[165,166,153],{"_71":106,"_119":163,"_121":164},[],"Map showing arrival locations in North Carolina. Detail from “A new & accurate map of the provinces of North & South Carolina, Georgia &c.,” 1752. Map by Emanuel Bowen (London). Courtesy of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, https://www.loc.gov/item/74693269/. Annotations added by the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project.","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/5ss9ynw4sd37avf79zqr7vvj9d61?variant=desktop","new-stop-1764947863478","north-carolina",{"_89":168,"_86":169,"_119":163,"_125":170,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_129":171,"_131":172,"_33":173,"_134":135,"_136":137,"_138":-5,"_139":-5,"_140":141,"_71":106,"_142":-5},280,0,572,"NC_1783_Base_Map_ALL_Star_All.jpg",{"_143":174,"_145":175,"_147":176,"_149":164,"_150":177},355,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/5ss9ynw4sd37avf79zqr7vvj9d61","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/5ss9ynw4sd37avf79zqr7vvj9d61?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/5ss9ynw4sd37avf79zqr7vvj9d61?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/5ss9ynw4sd37avf79zqr7vvj9d61?variant=lqip","new-tour-1716644447968","place-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-bath","state-1-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-bath","state-1-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-place","north-carolina-trans-atlantic-voyages-of-captive-africans-to-place","Map showing Bath, North Carolina, 1770. Detail from “A compleat map of North-Carolina from an actual survey,” 1770. Map by John Collet, J. Bayly, and S. Hooper (London). Courtesy of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, https://www.loc.gov/item/83693769/. Annotations added by the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project.","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/qpy41htofcyywhx2n9q0k44r3uav?variant=desktop",{"_89":197,"_33":23,"_71":198},{"_89":195,"_33":66,"_71":196},{"_89":192,"_33":193,"_71":194},{"_89":189,"_33":190,"_71":191},128,4,"WALKING",127,3,"TRANSIT",126,"DRIVING",125,"BICYCLING",{"_89":212,"_86":23,"_119":183,"_125":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_129":213,"_131":214,"_33":215,"_134":135,"_136":137,"_138":-5,"_139":-5,"_140":141,"_71":106,"_142":-5},{"_89":201,"_86":66,"_119":202,"_125":126,"_127":-5,"_128":-5,"_129":203,"_131":204,"_33":205,"_134":135,"_136":137,"_138":-5,"_139":-5,"_140":141,"_71":206,"_142":-5},132,"Map by David Eltis and David Richardson. Courtesy of SlaveVoyages, https://www.slavevoyages.org/blog/volume-and-direction-trans-atlantic-slave-trade.\n“This map summarizes and combines the many different paths by which captives left Africa and reached the Americas. While there were strong connections between particular embarkation and disembarkation regions, it was also the case that captives from any of the major regions of Africa could disembark in almost any of the major regions of the Americas. Even captives leaving Southeast Africa, the region most remote from the Americas, could disembark in mainland North America, as well as the Caribbean and South America. The data in this map are based on estimates of the total slave trade rather than documented departures and arrivals.”","FL-STAUG-SlaveVoyages-human-trade-map.jpg",{"_143":207,"_145":208,"_147":209,"_149":210,"_150":211},67,"Volume and direction of the trans-Atlantic human trade from Africa to the 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