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The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals.

Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U.S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations.

This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.

One of many arrival sites is Mobile Bay, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies.

","flat_pages",[],"id",14,"is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","hybrid","media",[240,241],"meta_description","The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals. Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U. S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations. This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.One of many arrival sites is Mobile Bay, where children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies. ","mode",{"_33":170,"_70":233},"modes",[228,229,230,231],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-07-25","read_duration"," reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","splash",{"_70":102,"_115":226,"_117":227},"slug","slugs",[222,223,224,225,16],"stop_count","stops",[82],"tenant_title","Middle Passage Markers","title","Alabama: Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Mobile Bay","travel_duration"," walking","theme",{"_33":80,"_70":81},"type","voice_overs",[],"use_directions",11,"emory",{"_83":-5,"_84":23,"_85":-5,"_86":87,"_88":89,"_90":-5,"_29":91,"_92":-5,"_93":-5,"_94":95,"_33":96,"_97":98,"_99":100,"_39":-5,"_43":101,"_45":102,"_103":25,"_104":-5,"_105":-5,"_52":36,"_59":106,"_62":107,"_63":108,"_60":109,"_70":110,"_76":111,"_112":-5,"_113":-5,"_77":114},"next","position","previous","relation_id",32,"address","1 Government St, Mobile, AL 36603, USA","article_link","In the late 1600s, French colonization of North America expanded from Canada south along the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. In 1682, French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, claimed the Indigenous lands of the Mississippi River valley and surrounding watershed for King Louis XIV of France. This region, known as La Louisiane, or Louisiana, became part of the larger territory claimed as part of New France. As the French attempted to establish a foothold in the Mississippi Valley region, their exploration extended east along the Gulf Coast into Spanish Florida.

In 1699, French explorers Pierre Le Moyne d’Iberville and Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville reached Mobile Bay. About 60 miles overland to the east, the Spanish had already claimed Pensacola Bay, creating competition between the two empires. The French did not initially settle Mobile, instead making their administrative center further west on the Gulf Coast along Biloxi Bay. During a period of French-Spanish alliance, d'Iberville returned to Mobile Bay in 1702 to establish the town of La Mobile and Fort Louis (present-day Le Moyne, Alabama). Situated about 20 miles up the Mobile River, the settlement became the capital of the colony. Neighboring Mobilian, Apalachee, Tomeh, Chato, Tawasa, Chickasaw, and Choctaw villages provided a basis for the French to build trade networks.

South of La Mobile and Fort Louis, the French also settled Dauphin Island around 1702. Because large vessels could not enter the shallow waters of Mobile Bay, Dauphin’s port was an offloading site where small boats transferred goods and people to the mainland. Dauphin Island was important to La Louisiane’s economy and commerce. It served as a regional port and trading post to allied French and Spanish colonists at Mobile, Pensacola, and other nearby settlements. Despite these developments, France’s settler population remained low and struggled to survive. In 1711, disease and flooding prompted the Mobile settlement to relocate downriver and closer to Dauphin Island.

Though the French had enslaved Indigenous people, they began looking to the British colonial model in Carolina, where Africans were imported to produce rice, indigo, tobacco, and other crops. The first Africans brought to Dauphin, Mobile, and other French settlements along the Gulf Coast came from the Caribbean, through Santo Domingo merchants or pirates. In 1717, to develop and populate La Louisiane, Scottish economist John Law purchased exclusive trading rights through the Mississippi Company which transported more European settlers and enslaved Africans.

In May 1719, as French-Spanish relations deteriorated into war, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville led a French force that seized and occupied the Spanish settlement of Pensacola. The following month, in June, approximately 450 Africans from Ouidah, Benin, disembarked along La Louisiane’s Gulf Coast from the vessels l’Aurore and Le Grand Duc de Maine, likely at Dauphin Island. Many of the newly arrived Africans were forced to help the French fortify the military post at Pensacola and defend Dauphin Island. Others resisted captivity and escaped in search of freedom.

Because New Orleans sat at the mouth of the Mississippi River—the gateway between the Gulf of Mexico and the vast interior river system of North America—the French recognized its strategic importance for controlling trade, transportation, and military movement throughout the colony. They began moving their administrative center further west along the Gulf Coast to New Orleans. In the meantime, new fort at Biloxi provided a temporary base from about 1720 to 1722. The arrival at Dauphin Island of 150 captives from Guinea aboard the Hercule (1720) and 338 aboard the Marie (1721), along with over 1,400 additional Africans aboard at least 6 other vessels, made the relocation possible. In 1721, a fire engulfed the Charles in the Gulf of Mexico just before it reached La Louisiane’s coast, killing many aboard.

The French gradually abandoned Dauphin Island, moving first to Biloxi and then to New Orleans where they cleared forests, grew crops, prepared timber for structures, built levees, and performed other tasks to help develop the city and produce food for the colony. Enslaved Africans who remained at Mobile worked in cypress swamps to manufacture timber products and naval supplies, such as turpentine, tar, and rope. Mobile remained a French military and trading outpost, although Ship Island near Biloxi Bay (present-day Mississippi) replaced Dauphin as La Louisiane’s regional commercial port.\n

For inscription text and images of Mobile's Middle Passage marker, see The Historical Marker Database.

For primary and secondary sources on Mobile and the broader history of the trans-Atlantic human trade, see the accompanying annotated bibliography.

Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Mobile Bay. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive Google Map. After visiting Mobile Bay, you may consider taking the Open Tour of Biloxi or the Open Tour of Pensacola.

","direction_intro","direction_notes","icon_color","#06ebef",24,"lat",30.6907,"lng",-88.03745,[120,121,122,123,124,125,126],"","orphaned","parking_lat","parking_lng","In the late 1600s, French colonization of North America expanded from Canada south along the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. In 1682, French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, claimed the Indigenous lands of the Mississippi River valley and surrounding watershed for King Louis XIV of France. This region, known as La Louisiane, or Louisiana, became part of the larger territory claimed as part of New France. As the French attempted to establish a foothold in the Mississippi Valley region, their exploration extended east along the Gulf Coast into Spanish Florida. In 1699, French explorers Pierre Le Moyne d’Iberville and Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville reached Mobile Bay. About 60 miles overland to the east, the Spanish had already claimed Pensacola Bay, creating competition between the two empires. The French did not initially settle Mobile, instead making their administrative center further west on the Gulf Coast along Biloxi Bay. During a period of French-Spanish alliance, d'Iberville returned to Mobile Bay in 1702 to establish the town of La Mobile and Fort Louis (present-day Le Moyne, Alabama). Situated about 20 miles up the Mobile River, the settlement became the capital of the colony. Neighboring Mobilian, Apalachee, Tomeh, Chato, Tawasa, Chickasaw, and Choctaw villages provided a basis for the French to build trade networks. South of La Mobile and Fort Louis, the French also settled Dauphin Island around 1702. Because large vessels could not enter the shallow waters of Mobile Bay, Dauphin’s port was an offloading site where small boats transferred goods and people to the mainland. Dauphin Island was important to La Louisiane’s economy and commerce. It served as a regional port and trading post to allied French and Spanish colonists at Mobile, Pensacola, and other nearby settlements. Despite these developments, France’s settler population remained low and struggled to survive. In 1711, disease and flooding prompted the Mobile settlement to relocate downriver and closer to Dauphin Island. Though the French had enslaved Indigenous people, they began looking to the British colonial model in Carolina, where Africans were imported to produce rice, indigo, tobacco, and other crops. The first Africans brought to Dauphin, Mobile, and other French settlements along the Gulf Coast came from the Caribbean, through Santo Domingo merchants or pirates. In 1717, to develop and populate La Louisiane, Scottish economist John Law purchased exclusive trading rights through the Mississippi Company which transported more European settlers and enslaved Africans. In May 1719, as French-Spanish relations deteriorated into war, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville led a French force that seized and occupied the Spanish settlement of Pensacola. The following month, in June, approximately 450 Africans from Ouidah, Benin, disembarked along La Louisiane’s Gulf Coast from the vessels l’Aurore and Le Grand Duc de Maine, likely at Dauphin Island. Many of the newly arrived Africans were forced to help the French fortify the military post at Pensacola and defend Dauphin Island. Others resisted captivity and escaped in search of freedom. Because New Orleans sat at the mouth of the Mississippi River—the gateway between the Gulf of Mexico and the vast interior river system of North America—the French recognized its strategic importance for controlling trade, transportation, and military movement throughout the colony. They began moving their administrative center further west along the Gulf Coast to New Orleans. In the meantime, new fort at Biloxi provided a temporary base from about 1720 to 1722. The arrival at Dauphin Island of 150 captives from Guinea aboard the Hercule (1720) and 338 aboard the Marie (1721), along with over 1,400 additional Africans aboard at least 6 other vessels, made the relocation possible. In 1721, a fire engulfed the Charles in the Gulf of Mexico just before it reached La Louisiane’s coast, killing many aboard. The French gradually abandoned Dauphin Island, moving first to Biloxi and then to New Orleans where they cleared forests, grew crops, prepared timber for structures, built levees, and performed other tasks to help develop the city and produce food for the colony. Enslaved Africans who remained at Mobile worked in cypress swamps to manufacture timber products and naval supplies, such as turpentine, tar, and rope. Mobile remained a French military and trading outpost, although Ship Island near Biloxi Bay (present-day Mississippi) replaced Dauphin as La Louisiane’s regional commercial port.\nFor inscription text and images of Mobile's Middle Passage marker, see The Historical Marker Database. For primary and secondary sources on Mobile and the broader history of the trans-Atlantic human trade, see the accompanying annotated bibliography. Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Mobile Bay. The Middle Passage Markers Open Tour collection provides historical information about other arrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive Google Map. After visiting Mobile Bay, you may consider taking the Open Tour of Biloxi or the Open Tour of Pensacola.","dauphin-island-and-mobile-bay-where-captive-africans-disembarked",[119,107],{"_70":102,"_115":116,"_117":118},"Dauphin Island and Mobile Bay, Where Captive Africans Disembarked","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"caption","Map highlighting Dauphin Island and La Mobile, La Louisiane, 1752. Annotations added by the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project, 2024. “Carte de la Louisiane.” Map by Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville (Paris). Courtesy of the David Rumsey Map Collection, https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~3038~410037:Carte-de-la-Louisiane-?sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_date&qvq=w4s:/when%2F1752;q:louisiana;sort:pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_date;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&mi=21&trs=22#. Annotations added by the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project.","url","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/18hrs3an3813p95hwxu7jkrb0wdz?variant=desktop","new-stop-1712068988427",{"_86":214,"_84":23,"_115":116,"_130":131,"_132":-5,"_133":-5,"_134":215,"_136":216,"_33":217,"_139":140,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_70":102,"_147":-5},{"_86":203,"_84":204,"_115":205,"_130":131,"_132":-5,"_133":-5,"_134":206,"_136":207,"_33":208,"_139":140,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_70":102,"_147":-5},{"_86":191,"_84":181,"_115":192,"_130":193,"_132":-5,"_133":-5,"_134":194,"_136":195,"_33":196,"_139":159,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_70":197,"_147":-5},{"_86":180,"_84":181,"_115":182,"_130":131,"_132":-5,"_133":-5,"_134":183,"_136":184,"_33":185,"_139":140,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_70":102,"_147":-5},{"_86":169,"_84":170,"_115":171,"_130":131,"_132":-5,"_133":-5,"_134":172,"_136":173,"_33":174,"_139":140,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_70":102,"_147":-5},{"_86":158,"_84":159,"_115":160,"_130":131,"_132":-5,"_133":-5,"_134":161,"_136":162,"_33":163,"_139":140,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_70":102,"_147":-5},{"_86":127,"_84":128,"_115":129,"_130":131,"_132":-5,"_133":-5,"_134":135,"_136":137,"_33":138,"_139":140,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_70":102,"_147":-5},315,6,"Members of the Choctaw tribe of Alabama perform traditional dance to honor the land, African ancestors, and the ongoing relationship with First Nations people recorded since 1526.","desktop_width",750,"embed","embed_id","filename","Choctaw Dancers Mobile, AL.jpg","files",{"_148":149,"_150":151,"_152":153,"_154":155,"_156":157},414,"lqip_width",50,"mobile_width",300,"original_image","provider","tablet_width",400,"video","original","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Flta9ebs9zwqozbz9c3o6hua3z8rf","mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Flta9ebs9zwqozbz9c3o6hua3z8rf?variant=mobile","tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Flta9ebs9zwqozbz9c3o6hua3z8rf?variant=tablet","desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Flta9ebs9zwqozbz9c3o6hua3z8rf?variant=desktop","lqip","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Flta9ebs9zwqozbz9c3o6hua3z8rf?variant=lqip",314,5,"Theodore Lush performs libation at remembrance ceremony for African ancestors at Cooper Riverside Park, Mobile, Alabama, 2019. Photograph courtesy of the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project.","Mobile image 6.jpg",{"_148":164,"_150":165,"_152":166,"_154":167,"_156":168},413,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F55nlbppx4oqyhhudiimva2xgvhe2","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F55nlbppx4oqyhhudiimva2xgvhe2?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F55nlbppx4oqyhhudiimva2xgvhe2?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F55nlbppx4oqyhhudiimva2xgvhe2?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F55nlbppx4oqyhhudiimva2xgvhe2?variant=lqip",313,4,"Participant places flower in water at remembrance ceremony for African ancestors, Cooper Riverside Park, Mobile, Alabama. 2019. Photograph courtesy of the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project.","Mobile image 1.jpg",{"_148":175,"_150":176,"_152":177,"_154":178,"_156":179},412,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fki1q88xpke65tu6klmm7t2qhcy7m","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fki1q88xpke65tu6klmm7t2qhcy7m?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fki1q88xpke65tu6klmm7t2qhcy7m?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fki1q88xpke65tu6klmm7t2qhcy7m?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fki1q88xpke65tu6klmm7t2qhcy7m?variant=lqip",312,3,"Marcia Hall and Medina Trenier unveil Middle Passage marker in Cooper Riverside Park, Mobile, Alabama, 2019. Photograph courtesy of Lawrence Specker.","Mobile image 3.jpg",{"_148":186,"_150":187,"_152":188,"_154":189,"_156":190},411,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F5uahfsbt6pc4m49b4u8lodtyfb7t","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F5uahfsbt6pc4m49b4u8lodtyfb7t?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F5uahfsbt6pc4m49b4u8lodtyfb7t?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F5uahfsbt6pc4m49b4u8lodtyfb7t?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F5uahfsbt6pc4m49b4u8lodtyfb7t?variant=lqip",151,"Detail of “Partie meridionale de la Riviere de Missisipi,” 1718. Map by Nicolas de Fer and Compagnie des Indes occidentales. 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Detail from “A Plan of Mobile Bar.” Map by Bernard Romans (London: R. Sayer, 1788). Courtesy of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C., https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3972m.ar166800/?r=-0.293,-0.05,1.543,0.848,0. ","AL_Mobile_Dauphin_1771_Map_Mobile_Bay.jpg",{"_148":209,"_150":210,"_152":211,"_154":212,"_156":213},161,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/78tj1lur9v29kxnd8zky0gsni7ag","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/78tj1lur9v29kxnd8zky0gsni7ag?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/78tj1lur9v29kxnd8zky0gsni7ag?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/78tj1lur9v29kxnd8zky0gsni7ag?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/78tj1lur9v29kxnd8zky0gsni7ag?variant=lqip",139,"AL_Mobile_Dauphine_1752_La_Louisiane Map2.jpg",{"_148":218,"_150":219,"_152":220,"_154":118,"_156":221},168,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/18hrs3an3813p95hwxu7jkrb0wdz","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/18hrs3an3813p95hwxu7jkrb0wdz?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/18hrs3an3813p95hwxu7jkrb0wdz?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/18hrs3an3813p95hwxu7jkrb0wdz?variant=lqip","new-tour-1712062451823","alabama-trans-atlantic-voyage-of-captive-africans-to-the-mobile-b","alabama-trans-atlantic-voyage-of-captive-africans-to-the-mobile-bay","alabama-trans-atlantic-voyage-of-captive-africans-to-mobile-bay","“La Louisiane et pays voisins,” 1764. Map by Jacques Nicolas Bellin. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3300.ar011101/?r=0.019,0.068,1.064,0.585,0. Annotation added by the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project.","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/gapmuvf3s8rv2h6sf58a7dq3yxzg?variant=desktop",{"_86":238,"_33":23,"_70":239},{"_86":236,"_33":204,"_70":237},{"_86":234,"_33":181,"_70":235},{"_86":232,"_33":170,"_70":233},56,"WALKING",55,"TRANSIT",54,"DRIVING",53,"BICYCLING",{"_86":253,"_84":204,"_115":226,"_130":131,"_132":-5,"_133":-5,"_134":254,"_136":255,"_33":256,"_139":140,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_70":102,"_147":-5},{"_86":242,"_84":181,"_115":243,"_130":131,"_132":-5,"_133":-5,"_134":244,"_136":245,"_33":246,"_139":159,"_141":142,"_143":-5,"_144":-5,"_145":146,"_70":247,"_147":-5},74,"Map by David Eltis and David Richardson. Courtesy of SlaveVoyages, https://www.slavevoyages.org/blog/volume-and-direction-trans-atlantic-slave-trade.\n“This map summarizes and combines the many different paths by which captives left Africa and reached the Americas. While there were strong connections between particular embarkation and disembarkation regions, it was also the case that captives from any of the major regions of Africa could disembark in almost any of the major regions of the Americas. Even captives leaving Southeast Africa, the region most remote from the Americas, could disembark in mainland North America, as well as the Caribbean and South America. The data in this map are based on estimates of the total slave trade rather than documented departures and arrivals.”","FL-STAUG-SlaveVoyages-human-trade-map.jpg",{"_148":248,"_150":249,"_152":250,"_154":251,"_156":252},67,"Volume and direction of the trans-Atlantic human trade from Africa to the 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