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The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals.

Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U.S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations.

This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.

Two of many arrival sites are Tybee and Cockspur Islands, where captive children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies.

","flat_pages",[475],"id",4,"is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","satellite","media",[466],"meta_description","The trans-Atlantic human trade encompassed 2 million Africans who perished during the brutal Middle Passage crossings and 10 million who survived to build the Americas. Drawing from SlaveVoyages and other scholarly sources, this Open Tour provides information about their voyages and arrivals. Africans reached the Americas by many routes, creating strong connections between the places where they embarked and disembarked. An interactive Google Map shows all documented arrival sites on the mainland U. S. and its territories and can provide directions to locations. This video provides a 3-D animation of L'Aurore, a French vessel that transported captive Africans to the Americas in 1719.Two of many arrival sites are Tybee and Cockspur Islands, where captive children, women, and men who\nsurvived the Middle Passage first landed after being forcibly and\npermanently removed from Africa. The collection of Middle Passage Marker Open Tours commemorates their lives by providing digital markers to complement physical markers and ancestral remembrance ceremonies. ","mode",{"_33":34,"_71":461},"modes",[456,457,458,459],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-07-27","read_duration","3 minutes reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","splash",{"_71":453,"_120":454,"_122":455},"slug","slugs",[447,448,449,450,451,452,16],"stop_count",3,"stops",[83,84,85],"tenant_title","Middle Passage Markers","title","Georgia: Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Tybee and Cockspur Islands","travel_duration","12 minutes walking","theme",{"_33":81,"_71":82},"type","voice_overs",[],"use_directions",11,"emory",{"_86":388,"_87":23,"_88":-5,"_90":389,"_92":390,"_94":-5,"_29":391,"_96":-5,"_97":106,"_98":99,"_33":81,"_101":392,"_103":393,"_39":-5,"_43":394,"_45":106,"_107":25,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_52":36,"_59":395,"_62":386,"_63":396,"_60":397,"_71":387,"_77":115,"_116":-5,"_117":-5,"_78":398},{"_86":247,"_87":226,"_88":248,"_90":249,"_92":250,"_94":-5,"_29":251,"_96":-5,"_97":-5,"_98":99,"_33":244,"_101":252,"_103":253,"_39":-5,"_43":254,"_45":106,"_107":25,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_52":36,"_59":255,"_62":245,"_63":256,"_60":257,"_71":246,"_77":115,"_116":-5,"_117":-5,"_78":258},{"_86":-5,"_87":66,"_88":89,"_90":91,"_92":93,"_94":-5,"_29":95,"_96":-5,"_97":-5,"_98":99,"_33":100,"_101":102,"_103":104,"_39":-5,"_43":105,"_45":106,"_107":25,"_108":-5,"_109":-5,"_52":36,"_59":110,"_62":111,"_63":112,"_60":113,"_71":114,"_77":115,"_116":-5,"_117":-5,"_78":118},"next","position","previous",{"_33":244,"_62":245,"_71":246},"relation_id",19,"address","101 Fort Pulaski Rd, Savannah, GA 31410, USA","article_link","

Prior to the construction of the Tybee lazaretto, some vessels quarantined at neighboring Cockspur Island, while others used it as a repair station. Large ocean-going vessels had difficulty navigating the shallow waters of the Savannah River. Enslaved pilots guided them to the city's harbor, about 17 miles inland. Initially, enslaved Africans sold in Georgia arrived from South Carolina or the Caribbean. By the late 1760s, Cockspur had become an arrival site for those taken directly from Africa, including:

captives from Gambia aboard the Brittania, who were subsequently sold in Savannah (spring 1768);
Africans aboard the Fortune, which quarantined at Cockspur (summer 1768);
about 130 Africans from the \"Grain Coast\" (Liberia and Sierra Leone) aboard the Fly, who were later sold in Savannah (spring 1769);
approximately 97 captives from Sierra Leone aboard the Dembia (summer 1769); and
around 200 captives from Sierra Loene aboard the Cavendish, who were subsequently sold in Savannah (spring 1770).

These islands reveal how ports along the Atlantic Coast were interconnected through the trafficking of Africans.

For primary and secondary sources on Tybee Island, Cockspur Island, and the broader history of the trans-Atlantic human trade, see the accompanying annotated bibliographies.

Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Tybee and Cockspur Islands. The Middle\nPassage Markers Open Tour\ncollection provides historical information about other\narrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive\nGoogle map. After visiting Tybee and Cockspur Islands, you may consider taking the Open Tour of Savannah or the Open Tour of Sapelo Sound (Darien).

","direction_intro","direction_notes","icon_color","#06ebef",14,"lat",32.02744765650878,"lng",-80.89265561973191,[134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141],"","orphaned","parking_lat","parking_lng","Prior to the construction of the Tybee lazaretto, some vessels quarantined at neighboring Cockspur Island, while others used it as a repair station. Large ocean-going vessels had difficulty navigating the shallow waters of the Savannah River. Enslaved pilots guided them to the city's harbor, about 17 miles inland. Initially, enslaved Africans sold in Georgia arrived from South Carolina or the Caribbean. By the late 1760s, Cockspur had become an arrival site for those taken directly from Africa, including:captives from Gambia aboard the Brittania, who were subsequently sold in Savannah (spring 1768);Africans aboard the Fortune, which quarantined at Cockspur (summer 1768);about 130 Africans from the \"Grain Coast\" (Liberia and Sierra Leone) aboard the Fly, who were later sold in Savannah (spring 1769);approximately 97 captives from Sierra Leone aboard the Dembia (summer 1769); andaround 200 captives from Sierra Loene aboard the Cavendish, who were subsequently sold in Savannah (spring 1770).These islands reveal how ports along the Atlantic Coast were interconnected through the trafficking of Africans. For primary and secondary sources on Tybee Island, Cockspur Island, and the broader history of the trans-Atlantic human trade, see the accompanying annotated bibliographies. Thank you for taking this Open Tour of the Trans-Atlantic Voyages of Captive Africans to Tybee and Cockspur Islands. The Middle\nPassage Markers Open Tour\ncollection provides historical information about other\narrival locations. Directions to other sites can be obtained through an interactive\nGoogle map. After visiting Tybee and Cockspur Islands, you may consider taking the Open Tour of Savannah or the Open Tour of Sapelo Sound (Darien).","cockspur-island-an-arrival-location-near-tybee-island",[124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,111],{"_71":119,"_120":121,"_122":123},"Cockspur Island, an Arrival Location near Tybee Island","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"Drawing of a ship from a plan of the inlets and rivers of Savannah and Warsaw in the Province of Georgia, 1751","caption","Map by Henry Yonge. 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Vessels carrying enslaved people, settlers, and others travelling to Savannah stopped there throughout the late 1700s and early 1800s. Newspapers and colonial records describe how officials established and used the lazaretto:

Governor James Wright's order for a Jamaican vessel to quarantine along Tybee Creek because of enslaved people infected with smallpox (spring 1765);
the governor's call for the construction of a lazaretto at the entrance of the Savannah River to safeguard Savannah from contagious diseases (fall 1766);
the use of the newly built lazaretto to quarantine captive Africans and others infected with smallpox aboard the Gambia for at least 40 days, as well as the burial of the deceased (summer 1768); and
Governor Wright's call for the Britannia to quarantine due to Africans sick with smallpox, many of whom were later sold in Savannah (spring 1769).

From the 1790s through the early 1800s, as Tybee's lazaretto became defunct, a health officer of Savannah inspected vessels traveling to the city, often detaining them at Tybee and Cockspur Islands. Aboard anchored ships, such as the Gustavia (1806), officials vaccinated captive Africans, while subjecting them to dehumanizing inspections before sending them to other ports for auction.

In 1793, the Georgia Assembly banned the importation of captive Africans. The law did not go into effect until 1798, and wealthy investors and planters disregarded it. The trafficking of captives from Africa and the Caribbean contributed to Georgia's enslaved population, which more than doubled to 59,699 by 1800.

",32.015081021460816,-80.87864912425614,[275,276,277,278,279,280,281,282,283,284],"Tybee became a quarantine site because of its location near the mouth of the Savannah River. Vessels carrying enslaved people, settlers, and others travelling to Savannah stopped there throughout the late 1700s and early 1800s. Newspapers and colonial records describe how officials established and used the lazaretto:Governor James Wright's order for a Jamaican vessel to quarantine along Tybee Creek because of enslaved people infected with smallpox (spring 1765);the governor's call for the construction of a lazaretto at the entrance of the Savannah River to safeguard Savannah from contagious diseases (fall 1766);the use of the newly built lazaretto to quarantine captive Africans and others infected with smallpox aboard the Gambia for at least 40 days, as well as the burial of the deceased (summer 1768); andGovernor Wright's call for the Britannia to quarantine due to Africans sick with smallpox, many of whom were later sold in Savannah (spring 1769).From the 1790s through the early 1800s, as Tybee's lazaretto became defunct, a health officer of Savannah inspected vessels traveling to the city, often detaining them at Tybee and Cockspur Islands. Aboard anchored ships, such as the Gustavia (1806), officials vaccinated captive Africans, while subjecting them to dehumanizing inspections before sending them to other ports for auction. In 1793, the Georgia Assembly banned the importation of captive Africans. The law did not go into effect until 1798, and wealthy investors and planters disregarded it. The trafficking of captives from Africa and the Caribbean contributed to Georgia's enslaved population, which more than doubled to 59,699 by 1800.",[262,263,264,265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,245,273,274],{"_71":259,"_120":260,"_122":261},[],"Map showing Tybee Island, the lazaretto, and Cockspur, 1780","Detail from a \"Sketch of the northern frontiers of Georgia, extending from the mouth of the River Savannah to the town of Augusta.\" Map by Archibald Campbell and William Fadden. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Geography and Map Division, Washington, D.C., http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3922s.ar157001.","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/6j4noiitdqtrpgg4u80yywppdp80?variant=desktop","new-stop-1688416668176","lazeretto","lazeretto-or-quarantine-station","tybee-island-lazeretto-or-quarantine-station","tybee-island-lazeretto-quarantine-station","tybee-island-lazeretto","tybee-island-lazeretto-where-enslaved","tybee-island-lazeretto-where-enslaved-africans","tybee-island-lazeretto-where-enslaved-africans-and-others-were-quarantined","tybee-island-lazeretto-where-enslaved-africans-were-quarantined","tybee-island-lazaretto-where-enslaved-africans-were-quarantined","tybee-island-lazaretto-quarantine-site-for-cap-africans","tybee-island-lazaretto-quarantine-site-for-captive-africans",{"_90":378,"_87":23,"_120":260,"_145":146,"_147":-5,"_148":-5,"_149":379,"_151":380,"_33":381,"_154":195,"_156":157,"_158":-5,"_159":-5,"_160":161,"_71":259,"_162":-5},{"_90":367,"_87":226,"_120":368,"_145":146,"_147":-5,"_148":-5,"_149":369,"_151":370,"_33":371,"_154":195,"_156":157,"_158":-5,"_159":-5,"_160":161,"_71":372,"_162":-5},{"_90":357,"_87":226,"_120":358,"_145":146,"_147":-5,"_148":-5,"_149":359,"_151":360,"_33":361,"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":-5,"_159":-5,"_160":161,"_71":106,"_162":-5},{"_90":347,"_87":66,"_120":348,"_145":146,"_147":-5,"_148":-5,"_149":349,"_151":350,"_33":351,"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":-5,"_159":-5,"_160":161,"_71":106,"_162":-5},{"_90":337,"_87":34,"_120":338,"_145":146,"_147":-5,"_148":-5,"_149":339,"_151":340,"_33":341,"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":-5,"_159":-5,"_160":161,"_71":106,"_162":-5},{"_90":327,"_87":195,"_120":328,"_145":146,"_147":-5,"_148":-5,"_149":329,"_151":330,"_33":331,"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":-5,"_159":-5,"_160":161,"_71":106,"_162":-5},{"_90":317,"_87":184,"_120":318,"_145":146,"_147":-5,"_148":-5,"_149":319,"_151":320,"_33":321,"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":-5,"_159":-5,"_160":161,"_71":106,"_162":-5},{"_90":307,"_87":143,"_120":308,"_145":146,"_147":-5,"_148":-5,"_149":309,"_151":310,"_33":311,"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":-5,"_159":-5,"_160":161,"_71":106,"_162":-5},{"_90":296,"_87":297,"_120":298,"_145":146,"_147":-5,"_148":-5,"_149":299,"_151":300,"_33":301,"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":-5,"_159":-5,"_160":161,"_71":106,"_162":-5},{"_90":285,"_87":286,"_120":287,"_145":146,"_147":-5,"_148":-5,"_149":288,"_151":289,"_33":290,"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":-5,"_159":-5,"_160":161,"_71":106,"_162":-5},351,9,"Georgia Gazette (Savannah), April 12, 1769, 2. Courtesy of Georgia Historic Newspapers, Digital Library of Georgia, https://gahistoricnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu/lccn/sn83016182/1769-04-12/ed-1/seq-2/.","GA_Tybee_1769_04_12_GA_Gazette_Britannia_Georgia_Packet_Philadelphia_Tybee.jpg",{"_163":291,"_165":292,"_167":293,"_169":294,"_171":295},451,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Frjvg5n6wfazhmanhlbi6w1fp7mzg","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Frjvg5n6wfazhmanhlbi6w1fp7mzg?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Frjvg5n6wfazhmanhlbi6w1fp7mzg?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Frjvg5n6wfazhmanhlbi6w1fp7mzg?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Frjvg5n6wfazhmanhlbi6w1fp7mzg?variant=lqip",350,8,"Georgia Gazette (Savannah), April 5, 1769, 2. Courtesy of Georgia Historic Newspapers, Digital Library of Georgia, https://gahistoricnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu/lccn/sn83016182/1765-04-05/ed-1/seq-2/.","GA_Tybee_1769_03_15_GA_Gazette_Sale_Britannia_Savannah_DLG.jpg",{"_163":302,"_165":303,"_167":304,"_169":305,"_171":306},450,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fboenfr8izmbwxgpp9jt9fblnprzz","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fboenfr8izmbwxgpp9jt9fblnprzz?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fboenfr8izmbwxgpp9jt9fblnprzz?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fboenfr8izmbwxgpp9jt9fblnprzz?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fboenfr8izmbwxgpp9jt9fblnprzz?variant=lqip",349,"Caledonian, Oct. 17, 1768.","GA_Tybee_1768_10_17_Caledonian_Gambia_quarantine_newspapers.com.jpg",{"_163":312,"_165":313,"_167":314,"_169":315,"_171":316},449,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fkyh438rmv0bw7eqbqi1wt4ld6wh9","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fkyh438rmv0bw7eqbqi1wt4ld6wh9?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fkyh438rmv0bw7eqbqi1wt4ld6wh9?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fkyh438rmv0bw7eqbqi1wt4ld6wh9?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fkyh438rmv0bw7eqbqi1wt4ld6wh9?variant=lqip",348,"Georgia Gazette (Savannah), May 6, 1767, 2. Courtesy of Georgia Historic Newspapers, Digital Library of Georgia, https://gahistoricnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu/lccn/sn83016182/1767-05-06/ed-1/seq-2/.","GA_Tybee_1767_05_06_pg2_GA_Gazette_Lazaretto_DLG_citation.jpg",{"_163":322,"_165":323,"_167":324,"_169":325,"_171":326},448,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F4jmnl6c8qngkoe9vlr9js07j2zcg","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F4jmnl6c8qngkoe9vlr9js07j2zcg?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F4jmnl6c8qngkoe9vlr9js07j2zcg?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F4jmnl6c8qngkoe9vlr9js07j2zcg?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2F4jmnl6c8qngkoe9vlr9js07j2zcg?variant=lqip",347,"Georgia Gazette (Savannah), Nov. 12, 1766, 2. Courtesy of Georgia Historic Newspapers, Digital Library of Georgia, https://gahistoricnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu/lccn/sn83016182/1766-11-12/ed-1/seq-2/.","GA_Tybee_1766_11_12_pg2_GA_Gazette_lazaretto_DLG_citation.jpg",{"_163":332,"_165":333,"_167":334,"_169":335,"_171":336},447,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fpw15o9en3cwseiu99byyopmew1jo","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fpw15o9en3cwseiu99byyopmew1jo?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fpw15o9en3cwseiu99byyopmew1jo?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fpw15o9en3cwseiu99byyopmew1jo?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fpw15o9en3cwseiu99byyopmew1jo?variant=lqip",346,"Public Advertiser (London, England), Jan. 16, 1766, 4. Courtesy of Nespapers.com, https://www.newspapers.com/image/34415841.","GA_Tybee_1766_01_16_Public_Advertiser_Gambia_distressed_newspapers.com.jpg",{"_163":342,"_165":343,"_167":344,"_169":345,"_171":346},446,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fttxu1q0zwkm5tqm07430i454xmwc","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fttxu1q0zwkm5tqm07430i454xmwc?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fttxu1q0zwkm5tqm07430i454xmwc?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fttxu1q0zwkm5tqm07430i454xmwc?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fttxu1q0zwkm5tqm07430i454xmwc?variant=lqip",345,"Georgia Gazette (Savannah), April 25, 1765, 3. Courtesy of Georgia Historic Newspapers, Digital Library of Georgia, https://gahistoricnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu/lccn/sn83016182/1765-04-25/ed-1/seq-3/.","GA_Tybee_1765_04_25_GA_Gazette_pre-lazaretto-smallpox-quarantine_Tybee.jpg",{"_163":352,"_165":353,"_167":354,"_169":355,"_171":356},445,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fw3zhp6u183ufuty7osgfh0litvic","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fw3zhp6u183ufuty7osgfh0litvic?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fw3zhp6u183ufuty7osgfh0litvic?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fw3zhp6u183ufuty7osgfh0litvic?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/middle-passage-markers%2Fw3zhp6u183ufuty7osgfh0litvic?variant=lqip",344,"Georgia Gazette (Savannah), Sept. 15, 1763, 2. 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Courtesy of the Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, the New York Public Library, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/17e21e30-c60b-012f-7745-58d385a7bc34.","GA_Tybee_1800s_Engraving_Mouth_of_Savannah_River.jpg",{"_163":373,"_165":374,"_167":375,"_169":376,"_171":377},117,"A 19th c. engraving of the \"Mouth of the Savannah River.\" ","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/a23rfcv3qyqet51vcvjqwcx1b2df","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/a23rfcv3qyqet51vcvjqwcx1b2df?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/a23rfcv3qyqet51vcvjqwcx1b2df?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/a23rfcv3qyqet51vcvjqwcx1b2df?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/a23rfcv3qyqet51vcvjqwcx1b2df?variant=lqip",115,"GA_Tybee_1780_Map_of_Georgia.jpg",{"_163":382,"_165":383,"_167":384,"_169":261,"_171":385},118,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/6j4noiitdqtrpgg4u80yywppdp80","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/6j4noiitdqtrpgg4u80yywppdp80?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/6j4noiitdqtrpgg4u80yywppdp80?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/6j4noiitdqtrpgg4u80yywppdp80?variant=lqip","middle-passage-historical-markers-near-the-tybee-island-lighthouse","Middle Passage Historical Markers near the Tybee Island Lighthouse",{"_33":244,"_62":245,"_71":246},22,"30 Meddin Dr, Tybee Island, GA 31328, USA","

In 1733, England founded Georgia partly as a defensive buffer against neighboring Spanish and French settlements, as well as their Indigenous allies. Envisioning the colony as a haven for Great Britain's convicted debtors and poor, James Oglethorpe and the English Trustees (a group appointed to govern the colony) initially banned slavery. Settlers, however, circumvented the ban by smuggling enslaved people from neighboring South Carolina. After years of lobbying and petitioning by Georgia colonists, slavery became legal in the colony in 1751, following the Trustees' decision to lift the ban in 1750. Subsequently, an influx of wealthy South Carolina planters and enslaved Africans led to a significant growth in Georgia's population. The expansion of Lowcountry plantations producing rice and Sea Island cotton for export increased labor demands throughout the second half of the 1700s. Captives from West Africa's coastal rice and grain regions (Senegambia to Sierra Leone) were desirable for their agricultural knowledge and skills.

As the city of Savannah became deeply involved in the trans-Atlantic human trade during this period, commercial vessels also carried African men, women, and children to ports on Tybee, Cockspur, and other barrier islands. Their routes often encompassed multiple stops, some planned and other unexpected. Ships often diverted due to lack of provisions, unfavorable weather events, ship damage, pirate attacks, enemy captures, wartime interference, insurrections, and efforts to control infectious diseases, among other reasons.

From 1802 to 1803, Africans arrived at Tybee aboard two vessels after traveling through ports in Rhode Island. Vessels carried more captives than ultimately arrived, reflecting deaths at sea and/or disembarkations elsewhere.

About 248 captives from the Congo River disembarked from the Amastad.
Approximately 89 captives from Cape Coast Castle disembarked from the Punch or Dolphin, while an additional 19 survivors proceeded to Havana, Cuba.

Three historical markers acknowledge and commemorate this history:

the Trans-Atlantic Middle Passage History marker;
the UNESCO Routes of Enslaved Peoples: Resistance, Liberty, Heritage marker; and
the Middle Passage and Tybee Island, Georgia marker erected by the Tybee Island Historical Society.

",32.0221761,-80.8457839,[406,407,408,409],"In 1733, England founded Georgia partly as a defensive buffer against neighboring Spanish and French settlements, as well as their Indigenous allies. Envisioning the colony as a haven for Great Britain's convicted debtors and poor, James Oglethorpe and the English Trustees (a group appointed to govern the colony) initially banned slavery. Settlers, however, circumvented the ban by smuggling enslaved people from neighboring South Carolina. After years of lobbying and petitioning by Georgia colonists, slavery became legal in the colony in 1751, following the Trustees' decision to lift the ban in 1750. Subsequently, an influx of wealthy South Carolina planters and enslaved Africans led to a significant growth in Georgia's population. The expansion of Lowcountry plantations producing rice and Sea Island cotton for export increased labor demands throughout the second half of the 1700s. Captives from West Africa's coastal rice and grain regions (Senegambia to Sierra Leone) were desirable for their agricultural knowledge and skills. As the city of Savannah became deeply involved in the trans-Atlantic human trade during this period, commercial vessels also carried African men, women, and children to ports on Tybee, Cockspur, and other barrier islands. Their routes often encompassed multiple stops, some planned and other unexpected. Ships often diverted due to lack of provisions, unfavorable weather events, ship damage, pirate attacks, enemy captures, wartime interference, insurrections, and efforts to control infectious diseases, among other reasons. From 1802 to 1803, Africans arrived at Tybee aboard two vessels after traveling through ports in Rhode Island. Vessels carried more captives than ultimately arrived, reflecting deaths at sea and/or disembarkations elsewhere. About 248 captives from the Congo River disembarked from the Amastad. Approximately 89 captives from Cape Coast Castle disembarked from the Punch or Dolphin, while an additional 19 survivors proceeded to Havana, Cuba. Three historical markers acknowledge and commemorate this history:the Trans-Atlantic Middle Passage History marker;the UNESCO Routes of Enslaved Peoples: Resistance, Liberty, Heritage marker; andthe Middle Passage and Tybee Island, Georgia marker erected by the Tybee Island Historical Society.",[401,402,403,404,405,386],{"_71":106,"_120":399,"_122":400},[],"Memorial panels detailing the history of the Middle Passage and Tybee Island's role in American slavery, July 12, 2023. Photograph courtesy of the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project.","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/z5gna8lr45cmp76o2ou3k8cyjz81?variant=desktop","new-stop-1685042890898","middle-passage-historical-marker-near-the-mission-nombre-de-dios","tour-stop-1","middle-passage-historical-marker","middle-passage-historical-markers",{"_90":439,"_87":23,"_120":399,"_145":146,"_147":-5,"_148":-5,"_149":440,"_151":441,"_33":442,"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":-5,"_159":-5,"_160":161,"_71":106,"_162":-5},{"_90":414,"_87":226,"_120":430,"_145":146,"_147":-5,"_148":-5,"_149":431,"_151":432,"_33":433,"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":-5,"_159":-5,"_160":161,"_71":106,"_162":-5},{"_90":420,"_87":66,"_120":421,"_145":146,"_147":-5,"_148":-5,"_149":422,"_151":423,"_33":424,"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":-5,"_159":-5,"_160":161,"_71":106,"_162":-5},{"_90":410,"_87":34,"_120":411,"_145":146,"_147":-5,"_148":-5,"_149":412,"_151":413,"_33":414,"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":-5,"_159":-5,"_160":161,"_71":106,"_162":-5},82,"Attendees of the Tybee Island marker dedication at water's edge honoring African ancestors, October 18, 2022. Courtesy of the Middle Passage Ceremonies and Port Markers Project.","TybeeUnesco-234-0Z0A2956.jpg",{"_163":415,"_165":416,"_167":417,"_169":418,"_171":419},84,"https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/kb2dkylcux9bvb5t6uq7cz3uvnoc","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/kb2dkylcux9bvb5t6uq7cz3uvnoc?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/kb2dkylcux9bvb5t6uq7cz3uvnoc?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/kb2dkylcux9bvb5t6uq7cz3uvnoc?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/middle-passage-markers/v4/public/media/kb2dkylcux9bvb5t6uq7cz3uvnoc?variant=lqip",107,"Child placing white carnations for remembrance in a basket at the Tybee Island marker dedication, October, 18, 2022. 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